Uburinganire mu Rwanda

Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, igihugu cy'Afurika cy'u Rwanda kiza mu bihugu 5 bya mbere mu buringanire. Igitekerezo cy'uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabaye mu 1994. Leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n'abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y'uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry'igihugu. Ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw’abagore b’u Rwanda muri guverinoma, kubahiriza uburezi bw’umugore n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buvuzi bw’u Rwanda. Iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside, rishyiraho gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu nyuma y'Umwanzuro w'Umuryango w'Abibumbye 1325, kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira.

Uburinganire muri guverinoma yu Rwanda

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura 30 ku ijana by'abadepite babe abagore. Mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya 80, abanyamuryango 46 bari igitsina gore mu 2003. Muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda, harimo Minisiteri y'Uburinganire n'Iterambere ry'Umuryango, ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire, ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y’imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire. Guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka Women for Women International Rwanda, yibanda ku bagore b'igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu. Guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu Rwanda ikoresheje Minisiteri y’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango. Mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye, abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n’abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n'imwe ya leta, mu gisirikare, no mu burezi.

Gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside

Godelieve Mukasarasi

Gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda n’abagabo b’Abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore b’abatutsi. Iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n'abayobozi nk'intwaro y'intambara. Minisitiri w’abahutu w’umuryango n’ibibazo by’umugore mu Rwanda, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, yashishikarije abagabo b’Abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu. Mu magambo ya Nyiramasuhuko yagize ati: "Mbere yo kwica abo bagore, ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato."

Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku 250.000 kugeza 500.000 bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside. Iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda. Igihe u Rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside, amategeko y'u Rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cya kane. Iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo, utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite. Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage Godeliève Mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu Nteko. Ibikorwa bya Mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside. Abashingamateka bo mu Rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside. Kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry’igihugu mu buringanire.

Godelieve Mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe SEVOTA yo gufasha abagore n'abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka. SEVOTA isobanura Ubufatanye bwo Kubabara kw'abapfakazi n'imfubyi bigamije Akazi no Kwiteza imbere. Porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina. SEVOTA iha abategarugori n’abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z’abaturage no kuzana imbaraga.

Umwanzuro w’umuryango w’abibumbye 1325 mu Rwanda

Umuryango w’abibumbye wasohoye Icyemezo 1325 mu 2000 kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga. Iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y’amahano ya jenoside yo mu Rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane. Umwanzuro 1325 werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n’abana. Aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano. Umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo, bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu, bakeneye kurengerwa n’amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina, kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z’ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa Icyemezo 1325 binyuze muri gahunda z’igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. U Rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro 1325 mu mwaka wa 2010 hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y'abagabo n'abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose. Hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo Umwanzuro 1325 ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane. Intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo.

Iterambere ry'uburezi

U Rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye. Mu 2004, Task Force ishinzwe uburezi bw’abakobwa (GETF) yashinzwe muri minisiteri y’uburezi hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato. Hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe. Izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz'abakobwa gusa nubwo; gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n’abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw’umugore. Ikigo cya Aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy’abagore bose mu Rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y’uburinganire bw'umugore n’umugabo "bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h’igihugu."

Uburinganire hagati yuburinganire nubuvuzi

U Rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose, hamwe n’icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi . Malariya, agakoko gatera SIDA na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu Rwanda. Icyakora, kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu 1994, u Rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke. Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yafatanije na Harvard's Public In Health ndetse n'umuvugizi w’ubuzima ku isi Paul Farmer . Hamwe niyi nkunga, guverinoma yu Rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y’ubuzima. Guteza imbere ubuzima bw’umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w’ubuzima mu Rwanda, Agnes Binagwaho . Binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y’ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa HPV Byongeye kandi, u Rwanda rumwe rw’umuryango w’abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y’ibiganiro ku buzima bw’imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n’ubuzima.

Kurangiza ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina

N'ubwo u Rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu 2009, haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, 21 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bahuye n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy’amezi 12. Iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside. Hashyizweho imiryango nk’Urugaga rw’Abagore mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na BioMed Central burasesengura igipimo cy’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 2005 na 2010. Muri iki gihe, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk’ihohoterwa ry’umubiri, amarangamutima, imitekerereze, cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire. Nk’uko bitangazwa na BioMed Central, 34 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu 2005. Uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri 56 ku ijana mu 2010. Uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda. Abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho. Byongeye kandi, abayobozi ba politiki b’abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu 2003, bivuguruza uruhare rw’uburinganire mu gihugu hose. BioMed Central yasanze kandi umubare w’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n’umubare ugaragara w’abagore bakomeye muri societe yu Rwanda. Izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.

Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda, Kigali, kaminuza ya Umeå, Suwede, na kaminuza ya Gothenburg, muri Suwede, bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu Rwanda. Aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu Rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa, amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n’inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina. Izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n’ihohoterwa. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w’u Rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa.

Guteza imbere uburinganire

Abagore bo mu Rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy’imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho. Mu 2018, Abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n'umunani ugereranyije n'idorari ry'umugabo, Ibi bigashyira u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 25 mu buringanire bw’ubukungu hagati y’uburinganire.