Ubumuga muri Amerika

Ababana n'ubumuga muri Amerika ni itsinda ry’abantu bake, bagize kimwe cya gatanu cy’abaturage bose hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’Abanyamerika barengeje mirongo inani. Hariho amateka akomeye ashingiye kuri Amerika n’umubano wacyo n’abaturage b’abafite ubumuga, hamwe n’iterambere ryinshi mu kinyejana gishize hagamijwe kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage bamugaye binyuze mu mategeko atanga uburinzi n’inyungu. Ikigaragara cyane ni uko itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga ari politiki yuzuye yo kurwanya ivangura ikora mu rwego rwo kurinda Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga ahantu rusange ndetse n’aho bakorera

Ibisobanuro

Nk’uko byatangajwe n’inama ngishwanama y’ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi, igihe guverinoma ya federasiyo yatangiraga gutanga amafaranga muri gahunda z’ubufasha bw’abafite ubumuga bwa Leta, abagenerwabikorwa bujuje ibisabwa basobanuwe ko bakeneye "ubumuga burundu kandi burundu". Mu 1956, iki gisobanuro cyaguwe na gahunda y’ubwishingizi bw’abafite ubumuga kugira ngo gisobanure ubumuga nk '"kudashobora kwishora mu gikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose cyunguka bitewe n’ubumuga ubwo ari bwo bwose bw’ubuvuzi bw’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bushobora kwiteza ko bwabaviramo urupfu cyangwa se igihe kirekire- gukomeza kandi igihe kitazwi. " Abakenguzamateka berekanye ko uru rurimi rugarukira ku ciyumviro c'ubumuga ku rwego rw'akazi, kandi insobanuro zuzuye zikaba zarafashwe uko igihe gishira. Ubwumvikane bugezweho ku bumuga mu nzego za leta, ubuvuzi, sociologie muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ni uko bukubiyemo ubumuga bw’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe budashobora kwishora mu bikorwa by’ubuzima bukomeye, cyangwa imyumvire yo kugira ubwo bumuga. Kurugero, mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2013, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) cyasuzumye ubumuga mu bice bitanu: iyerekwa, kumenya, kugenda, kwiyitaho, no kubaho byigenga. Ibintu byihariye bigwa munsi yumutaka biratandukanye, icyakora biremewe muri rusange ko ubumuga burimo, ariko ntibugarukira kuri ibi bikurikira:

Amateka

Ku rwego rwa federasiyo, amategeko yerekeye ubumuga yari make mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19, muri icyo gihe hakaba hari amategeko agaragara harimo n'igikorwa cyo gutabara abasare n'abamugaye bafite ubumuga, cyashyizweho umukono na John Adams mu 1798. Mu ntangiriro ya 1900 eugenic Amategeko yo kuboneza urubyaro yemejwe mu bihugu byinshi, yemerera guverinoma gukora ingumba ku bantu bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe. Urubanza rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga 1927 Buck v Bell rwemeje ko itegeko nshinga riteganywa n'itegeko nshinga, kubera ko ayo mategeko yabujijwe hafi igice cy'ikinyejana nyuma y'itegeko rigenga amategeko yo mu 1978 yo mu 1978, nubwo hari icyuho cyakoreshejwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro bukomeza kugeza ubu. Iterambere ry’amategeko y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga mu myaka ya za 1900 ryabaye nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose hamwe na kongere ishyiraho Gahunda yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, yatangaga uburezi n’ubuvuzi ku basirikare bakize. Iterambere rikomeye ryabaye mu myaka ya za 1930 hamwe n’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya Franklin D. Roosevelt, wari ufite ubumuga ku mubiri, ndetse n’ikimenyetso cye cy' itegeko ry’ubwiteganyirize .

Iterambere ryerekeye ubutabera bw’abafite ubumuga ryajyanye n’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cya nyuma cyikinyejana cya 20. Mu 1961, Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuziranenge cy’Abanyamerika cyasohoye inyandiko ivuga ku mbogamizi z’inyubako z’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri, zashyigikiraga itegeko ry’imyubakire y’imyubakire yo mu 1968 kandi ryashishikarije ibihugu byinshi gushyiraho amategeko agenga uburyo bworoshye bwo kugera ku myaka ya za 70. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka ya za 1960, Medicaid hamwe n’ibigo by’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe hamwe n’Itegeko ryubaka ibigo nderabuzima by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe byemejwe, bigenera amafaranga y’ubuvuzi n’iterambere ry’inama z’igihugu cyose, urwego rw’ubuvugizi, n'inzira z’uburezi nyuma y’amashuri yisumbuye ku baturage bafite ubumuga. Mu myaka ya za 70, amategeko akomeye yo kurwanya ivangura yashyizweho hakurwaho "itegeko ribi" riheruka, ryemerera abashinzwe kubahiriza amategeko gufunga abantu bazira ko bafite ubumuga, ndetse n’itegeko ryo mu 1973 ryita ku buzima busanzwe n’abantu bafite ubumuga bw’ubumuga (IDEA) ryabujije. ibigo byakiriye inkunga ya leta ivangura ku bumuga. Mu myaka ya za 1980, hagenzuwe iyindi nzira iganisha ku kugerwaho hifashishijwe itegeko rigenga indege zitwara abantu mu kirere, itegeko rivugurura imiturire ikwiye, hamwe n’ubufasha bujyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ku bantu bafite ubumuga n’ubutabera hashyirwaho itegeko ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’inzego (CRIPA) .

Mu 1990, itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga (ADA) ryabaye umushinga w’ibanze ugaragaza uburyo bunoze bwo kurengera no gucumbikira abaturage bafite ubumuga, hamwe n’andi mategeko, yashyizeho nyuma y’imyaka icumi nk’itegeko ry’itumanaho ryo mu 1996 hamwe na Tike yo gukora no guteza imbere umurimo. Igikorwa (TWWIIA) cyaguka kuri ADA. Igihe cy'ikinyagihumbi cyagenzuye imanza zikomeye z'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga nka Olmstead aburana na LC na Tennessee aburana na Lane zemeje uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

Imibare

Ukurikije uko ubumuga bumeze: 2019 - Ibarura rusange 2019 Incamake Abanyamerika bagera kuri 20 ku ijana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe cyangwa bwinshi bwasuzumwe:  Ibarura 2000 ryabaruye abantu miliyoni 49.7 bafite ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwigihe kirekire cyangwa ubumuga. Bahagarariye 19.3 ku ijana by'abantu miliyoni 257.2 bari bafite imyaka 5 n'abayirengeje mu baturage b'abasivili badafite ibigo - cyangwa umuntu umwe kuri batanu ... ubumuga burasobanuwe. Byaba byiza kumenya ko ubumuga muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika bushyirwa muburyo butandukanye bwubumuga bwumubiri cyangwa bwo mumutwe burimo ubushobozi bwumuntu bwo gukora kumubiri, imiterere yibitekerezo, harimo ubuhanga bwo gufata ibyemezo no kwibuka, ubushobozi bwo kubona, niba ari bo ubwabo- birahagije, kandi amaherezo, niba biterwa numuntu wese ubafasha gukora imirimo </link>. Dukurikije ibarura rusange 97-5, "Abanyamerika bagera kuri 1 kuri 5 bafite ubumuga runaka, naho 1 kuri 10 bafite ubumuga bukomeye. Ntabwo iyi mibare igira ingaruka gusa ku bamugaye, ahubwo n’abafite ubumuga ntibihanganira ibibi gusa ahubwo kora abana babo cyangwa abuzukuru babo kuko bashobora gusigara bafite ibibazo byubuzima ndetse nuburezi. "

ACS ntabwo ipima ubumuga Mu buryo butaziguye Hariho ubundi bushakashatsi buto butanga ubushakashatsi butanga ubushishozi ku bumuga muri Amerika Mugihe ubushakashatsi nkubushakashatsi bwubuzima bw’igihugu bwita ku bushakashatsi bw’ubuzima n’izabukuru, Sisitemu yo kugenzura imyitwarire y’imyitwarire, hamwe n’ubuzima, gusaza, n’umubiri Ibigize (Ubuzima ABC) Ubushakashatsi bukoreshwa muguhitamo ibimenyetso byingenzi byubuzima bijyanye nubumuga mubaturage ba Amerika. Mugihe ibisubizo kuri ibyo bintu bikunze kwitwa "ubumuga", hashobora kuvugwaho impaka - ikoresha wenyine- na porokisi-raporo kugirango isuzume ubushobozi bugaragara bwo gukora imirimo ikora. Ibitabo biriho byagaragaje ibisobanuro birambuye ku baturage ba Amerika ku bijyanye n'ubumuga ukoresheje amakuru aturuka muri ACS. Ibitabo byagaragaje kandi ibibazo bijyanye namakuru yubumuga muri ACS. Ubushakashatsi ku bumuga bukomeje gutera imbere, kandi imiti ishobora kuboneka kubibazo byuburyo bugezweho. Kubera umwihariko, kubyerekeye inkunga na politiki ya federasiyo, abashakashatsi bo mubice bitandukanye (urugero: sociologie, epidemiology, na guverinoma) bakoresha cyane amakuru ya ACS kugirango basobanukirwe neza ubumuga muri Amerika.

Abanyamerika bakomoka muri Africa

Ibarura rusange ry’Amerika ryo mu 2000 ryerekanye ko umuryango nyafurika w’Abanyamerika ufite umubare munini w’abafite ubumuga muri Amerika ku kigero cya 20.8 ku ijana, ugereranyije gato ugereranije n’ubumuga rusange bwa 19.4%. Urebye iyo mibare, hashobora kuvugwa ko Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga bo muri Afurika bafite ubushomeri bukabije, ubushomeri, ndetse n’uburezi buke ugereranije n’andi matsinda y’ubumuga. Kurugero, Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Abanyamerika muri 2015 bwerekana ko Abanyamerika b’Abanyafrika bafite ubumuga babaho mu bukene ku kigero cya 1,5 kugeza kuri 2 ugereranije n’andi matsinda y’amoko muri Amerika.

Ubutabera mpanabyaha

Ubushakashatsi bwabonetse mu bushakashatsi bw’igihugu bw’urubyiruko bwerekana ko abagabo b’abirabura bafite ubumuga bahura n’ikibazo kinini cyo gutabwa muri yombi bafite imyaka 28, bitandukanye n’abandi bafite igitsina, ubumuga, cyangwa ubwoko bwabo. Ku bijyanye n’abagore b’abanyafrika bongeye kwinjira muri societe nyuma yigihe cyakazi, ingingo ya JHCPCU yerekanye ubumuga, cyane cyane virusi itera SIDA / HCV, nkikintu gikomeye gifitanye isano no kugabanya imikoreshereze itandukanye yubuvuzi nkubundi buryo bwihutirwa. Ihamagarwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ivugurura ry’ubutabera mpanabyaha hamwe n’umutwe w’ubuzima bw’abirabura ryashyize ahagaragara mu ruhame uburyo abirabura bafite ubumuga bahura n’ihohoterwa ry’abapolisi. Ingero zavuzwe nk'ubugome bwa polisi, nk'iyicwa rya Marcus-David Peters mu mwaka wa 2018, umwirabura udafite intwaro uhura n'ikibazo cyo mu mutwe, ryashizeho amategeko nk'umushinga w'itegeko ryita ku buzima bwo mu mutwe bwa Virginie ndetse na Serivisi ishinzwe gusobanukirwa abaturage (MARCUS), bizakenera ko ibibazo byububabare bwo mumutwe byitabirwa nabapolisi ninzobere mubuzima bwo mumutwe. Amashusho ya virusi y’iyicwa rya Walter Wallace, umwirabura ufite amateka y’uburwayi bwo mu mutwe wishwe mu gihe cyo guhura n’abapolisi, byafashije mu mutwe wa rubanda ubumuga bw’abafite ubumuga.