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Ubucuruzi bw'ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba

Ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bivuga kugurisha no gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe, bibera mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Kenya, Tanzaniya, Uganda, Somaliya, na Etiyopiya. Bumwe mu bwoko bw'ibiyobyabwenge byiganje muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba harimo : heroyine, marijuwana, kokayine, methamphetamine, khat, ibyo byose bikaba bibujijwe rwose mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. [1]

ikirango cyokurwanya Ibiyobyabwenge

Hari ishami ry’umuryango wa bibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge nubugizi bwanabi riratangaza ko umubare w’abantu bafashwe bafata ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe hagati y'umwaka wo muri 1995 no mu mwaka wa 2006 udahagije kugira ngo twemeze ko uburyo bwo gucuruza no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge bishobora gutera ubwoba. [1] N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, umubare muto wafashwe ku mugaragaro ntabwo ari ikimenyetso cy'ibikorwa bike. Ahubwo, ni ikimenyetso cyo kutagenzura imipaka, gusobanukirwa bidahagije ku bucuruzi bw’ibiyobya bwenge, ndetse n’ubutabera budahwitse. [2] Nubwo bumwe ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bukomeje kuba hasi ugereranije n’utundi turere, gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge akenshi bifitanye isano na ruswa, iterabwoba, virusi itera SIDA hamwe n’urubyiruko.

Mu byukuri, gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge muri Afrika y'uburasirazuba byiyongereye cyane mu myaka mike ishize. Kubera ko ako karere gafite ubushobozi buke bwo kwiyongera kw'ibiyobyabwenge, ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byagize uruhare mu gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge mpuzamahanga. Bitewe n'inzira zizwi cyane zo gucuruza zijya mu Burayi no muri Amerika nka Umuhanda wa Balkan uhura n’ubugenzuzi, ibiyobyabwenge biva muri Aziya byanyuze mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba muri Afurika cyangwa amaherezo bikagera mu Uburayi no muri Amerika. [3] Ikinyamakuru cy’ububanyi n’amahanga cyatangaje mu mwaka wo muri 2012 ko UNODC yatangaje ko inshuro enye zafashwe na kokayine muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba hagati y'umwaka wa 2005 n'umwaka wo muri 2010. [2] Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umubare w'ifatwa rya heroyine ku byambu bikomeye byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba wiyongereyeho inshuro icumi hagati y'umwaka wa 2009 n'umwaka wa 2013. [3] Amakuru nk'aya yerekana ko ubucuruzi bwo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba buhora bwiyongera, kandi ko ibihugu byagiye bitabira gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe.

Amateka hindura

 
II karita y'afurika y'Iburasirazuba

Bitewe n'amateka na jewogarafi, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ni icyambu cyiza cyo kwinjiza ibiyobyabwenge muri Aziya . Inzira z'ubucuruzi z'amateka zinyuze mu nyanja y'u Buhinde zerekeza muri Aziya no muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara byorohereje ibicuruzwa byemewe n'amategeko mu myaka myinshi. [4] Mu myaka ya za mi 70, ariko, kubera ingaruka mbi z’ikibazo cy’imyenda ny'afurika hamwe na gahunda zijyanye no guhindura imiterere, inzira z’ubucuruzi zemewe zagiye ziba umuyoboro w’ibintu bitemewe n’ubuyobozi bwivanze. [4]

Imibereho ya politiki y’ibihugu byinshi byo muri afurika y’iburasirazuba yarushijeho gushishikariza gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge mu buryo butemewe. Ibikorwa bidahwitse byo kubahiriza amategeko no kugereranya gushya mu bucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge mu karere kose byahaye leta ibikoresho byo gukumira magendu. Byongeye kandi, ruswa yashishikarije ibikorwa bitemewe n'amategeko, kubera ko amatora yo mu bihugu nka Kenya yatewe inkunga n’inyungu ziva mu bucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe kugira ngo zongere ingufu za politiki. Byongeye kandi, ruswa yo kwirengagiza ibikorwa by'ubugizi bwa nabi yabaye ikibazo gikomeye mu karere mu myaka icumi ishize. [4]

Gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge mu buryo butemewe muri afurika y'Iburasirazuba bishobora guhera mu myaka ya zo muri 1980 hagati, igihe abacuruza ibiyobya bwenge batangiraga gukoresha ibihugu by'afurika y'Iburasirazuba nk'ahantu ho kunyura. [5] Ubucuruzi bw'ibiyobya bwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bwabanje gutegurwa no gucungwa n'imitwe yitwara gisirikare yo muri Nijeriya. Mu i myaka yashize, imitwe y'abagizi ba nabi baturutse muri Kenya na Tanzaniya nayo yatangiye kugira uruhare runini. [5]

Ku ikubitiro, ubucuruzi bw'ibiyobyabwenge butemewe binyuze muri afurika y'Iburasirazuba bwacuruzaga cyane ibiyobyabwenge bibiri: marijuwana n' isukari yirabura heroyine . Iya nyuma yari ubwoko bwa heroyine yasutswe mu myuka ihumekwa cyangwa igahuzwa na marijuwana igafatwa nko kanywa itabi. [4] Kubera ko isukari yijimye ya heroine yatanzwe idafite urushinge, imiterere yarwo nk’ubuzima rusange bwaragabanutse. Ibiyobya bwenge mu bucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge byo muri Afurika yo hambere byari bimaze kwinjizwa mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba kandi byari bihari ahantu hakorerwa iby’ubukerarugendo muri afurika y'iburasirazuba.

Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za muri 90, isukari ya heroyine yasimbuwe mu bucuruzi bw'ibiyobyabwenge ku isi n'ubwoko bushya bwa Heroyine. [6] Cristine yera ya crest, izwi kandi nka puderi yera ya heroyine, yari ikomeye cyane kurenza ubundi bwoko bwa heroyine kandi yaterwa mu inshinge. Bitandukanye na sukari y'umukara wa heroyine, ntabwo byasabye uburyo bwo gushyushya ibintu bigoye bityo rero byari byoroshye gukoresha. Guhera mu ntangiriro y'umwaka wa 2000, heroyine crest yamenyekanye cyane muri Afrika y'uburasirazuba ubwayo kubikoresha mu gihugu ndetse no gucuruza mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. [4]

Gukoresha mu rugo no gucuruza marijuwana na heroyine crest byakomeje mu myaka ya za 2000. Methamphetamine nayo yabaye ibiyobyabwenge bisanzwe bidatinze; ifatwa ryabo rya mbere ryabaye mu 2008. Hano harabura amakuru n'ubushakashatsi bw'ubumenyi bukubiyemo methamphetamine muri Afrika y'uburasirazuba, nubwo umubare w'abanyagicuri ugenda wiyongera kuva uwambere yandikwa. [5] Kokayine ni undi muti wiganje mu bucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba vuba aha. [7]

Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi (UNODA) rivuga ko hari impamvu enye z'ingenzi zagize uruhare mu kuzamuka kw’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba. [8] Kuri imwe, kwiyongera kwinshi kumugabane mugari wa Afrika byashizeho kandi byagura isoko ryibiyobyabwenge. [8] Icya kabiri, hamwe nindege mpuzamahanga kenshi muri Afrika no hanze yacyo, gutwara ibicuruzwa nabyo byafashije kohereza ibiyobyabwenge. [8] Icya gatatu, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ibuze ingamba zihagije zo kugenzura icuruzwa, ryemerera abakora ubucuruzi bw'ibiyobyabwenge gutembera no mu karere byoroshye kandi byoroshye. [8]

Isoko no ibikenewe hindura

Isoko hindura

Ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika ntibifite ibikorwa remezo bihagije ibikoresho n'ubumenyi kugirango bikore ubucuruzi mu gihugu imbere ibiyobyabwenge bihuye n'ibisabwa mpuzamahanga ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu. Urumogi ni umwe mu miti yonyine yagiye ikorerwa mu gihugu imbere. Ariko, n’umusaruro w’urumogi muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba ntiwari uhagije kugira ngo uhuze ibyifuzo by’Uburayi, Amerika, ndetse n’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburasirazuba kubera ishyirwaho ry' amategeko bibuza umusaruro no kubura uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro andi mahirwe. [9] Ibura nk'iryo mu gihugu mu gutanga ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe byatumye ibihugu by'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa mpuzamahanga.

Umubare munini wo gutanga ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe gucuruzwa muri Afrika yuburasirazuba ukomoka muri Aziya. [10] Abanyafurika y'Iburasirazuba batanga ibiyobyabwenge bibiri, Afuganisitani na Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, na bo ni bo batanga ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe ku isi. Mu mwaka wa 2020, umusaruro wa opium wo muri Afuganisitani wagize hafi 85% by’umusaruro w’ibihumyo ku isi kimwe na 80% by’abakoresha opium ku isi yose, igice cyacyo kikaba cyaragurishijwe muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba. [11]

Ibikenewe hindura

Icyifuzo gitera ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba gituruka mu mahanga ndetse no mu gihugu imbere. Mu mateka, ibyifuzo byaturutse ahanini mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba, ariko mu myaka yashize ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byigaragaje nk'abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe. Urugero, Tanzaniya cyane cyane mu birwa bya Zanzibar yabonye ubwiyongere bukabije mu gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge mu ngo. [12] Igitangaje cya 7% byabaturage ba Zanzibari bafatwa nkibiyobyabwenge. [12] Kwiyongera kw'ibiyobyabwenge n'ibiyobyabwenge mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byerekana ko ibikenerwa mu gihugu nabyo byagiye byiyongera ukkurikije mu gihe cyashize.

Inkomoko y’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba ituruka mu bigo by’ubukerarugendo byakozwe mbere y'umwaka wa 1980. [13] Ibiruhukon'ubukerarugendo byo ku nkombe zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byazanye ba mukerarugendo b'Abanyaburayi, Abanyafurika y'Epfo, n'Abanyamerika, bituma muri kariya karere hakenerwa marijuwana na heroyine cyane. Guhera mu myaka ya za 1980, intambara yo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge muri Amerika yashimangiye cyane Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nk'igice cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge mpuzamahanga kubera ko ibikorwa byo guhangana na magendu muri Amerika yo hagati no mu majyepfo byafunzwe cyangwa bikabangamirwa cyane.

Inzira zo Kwinjira hindura

Mu kirere hindura

Umujyi wa Nairobi wo muri Kenya n'umujyi wa Addis Abeba wo muri Etiyopiya byahindutse ingingo z'ingenzi zinjira mu biyobyabwenge bitemewe ku mugabane wa magendu binyuze mu bwikorezi bwo mu kirere. [14] Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Jomo Kenyatta i Nairobi cyahawe impamyabumenyi yo mu cyiciro cya mbere n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe iby'indege muri Amerika, mu mwaka wa 2017, cyemerera abagenzi baturutse muri Amerika guhaguruka berekeza i Nairobi aho kugira ngo bimure i Amsterdam cyangwa Heathrow. [15] Ihinduka ryimiterere ryatumye Kenya ihinduka cyane, cyane cyane mu ndege ziva mu bihugu bituranye n’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburasirazuba nka Uganda, Tanzaniya, Etiyopiya, nu Rwanda. [15] Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubwinshi bwindege zubucuruzi ziguruka no gusohoka i Nairobi byatumye Nairobi iba ikintu cyingenzi mumihanda. [16] Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bole i Addis Abeba kibamo abagenzi barenga miliyoni 22 buri mwaka, kikaba kimwe mu bibuga by’indege byinshi ku mugabane wa Afurika. [17] Hagati ya 2019 na 2020, abapolisi ba Etiyopiya bata muri yombi abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge bagera ku 100 ku kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Bole. [17] Byongeye kandi, komisiyo ishinzwe igipolisi cya leta, gufata ibiyobyabwenge mu myaka itatu ishize bingana n'ibiro 402 bya kokayine yo muri Amerika y'Epfo n'ibiro 1377 by'urumogi. [17] Gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge binyuze ku kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bole ni byinshi cyane kubera ko ishami rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge rifite ibibazo by’ibikorwa remezo. Iri shami ntirifite abapolisi bahuguwe, tekinoroji yo gusikana ku mbuga, imbwa zihumura, aho zipimisha ku rubuga, cyangwa sisitemu y’ubutasi yibasira indege zihariye. [18]

Inyanja hindura

Inzira izwi cyane ishinzwe gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe na Afuganisitani ni inzira y'inyanja. [19] Ibiyobyabwenge bipfunyitse ubushishozi, birimo opium, heroine, na methamphetamine biva muri Afuganisitani bigenda ku byambu byo ku nkombe ya Makran, biherereye ku mbibi za Irani na Pakisitani. [20] Ku byambu byo ku nkombe ya Makran, ibiyobyabwenge bigabanywa mu bwato bwo kuroba mu bikoresho bito kuva ku kilo 3 kugeza ku kilo 6. [20] Kuva aho, amato yo kuroba anyura mu nyanja y'Abahinde, akagera ahantu nyaburanga hazwi cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Zanzibar muri Tanzaniya, cyangwa Pemba n'ibirwa bya Quirimbas muri Mozambike. [20] Mugihe cyanyuma, ubukana buke bwumuraba wamazi hamwe numusenyi mugari muri kariya gace bituma ibidukikije byorohereza magendu kwirinda gushakisha. [20] Umubare munini wa heroine nawo ucuruzwa hifashishijwe inzira imwe, ariko uhishwa mu bikoresho bitwara ibinyabiziga bifite moteri, ibikoresho, n’ibikomoka ku buhinzi biva muri Pakisitani. [20] Kokayine nayo icuruzwa muri Berezile imbere mu bikoresho. [21]

Ibi biyobyabwenge noneho bigera ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi byinjizwa mu mahanga mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika nka Afurika y'Epfo . Ibiyobyabwenge kandi byinjizwa mu nyanja kuva Dar Es Salaam kugera muri Comoros . [21]

Ubwoko bw'ibiyobyabwenge hindura

Mu biyobyabwenge bitandukanye bigurishwa muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba no hanze yacyo, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga cyane birimo heroine, marijuwana, kokayine, methamphetamine, na khat.

Heroyine hindura

Kuva mu 2006, ikoreshwa rya heroyine muri Afurika ryiyongereye vuba kurusha iyindi migabane yose. Kuva uyu munsi, Afurika muri iki gihe ifite ubwiyongere bukabije mu gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, bikarushaho kwiyongera kuri heroine. Ku bijyanye no gukoresha, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yakira hafi 9% by'ubucuruzi bwa heroyine ku isi. [22] Ifatwa ryinshi rya heroine n’ingabo z’ingabo zirwanira mu mazi (CMF) ryerekana ko Afurika y’iburasirazuba igira uruhare runini mu bucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge ku isi. Hafi ya kg 674 muri 2012, heroine ntikigurishwa ku bwinshi. [23] Uyu muti woherezwa cyane cyane muri Afuganisitani na Pakisitani unyuze mu nyanja no mu kirere mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Kenya na Etiyopiya. Byongeye kandi, Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge (INCB) cyerekana ko akarere ka Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ari umuyoboro uzwi cyane wo kwinjiza magendu ya heroine kuva mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Aziya kugera mu bindi bice by'isi. [24]

Marijuana hindura

 
Marijuana

Marijuana yatangijwe bwa mbere muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu gihe cyo hagati n'abacuruzi b'Abayisilamu baturutse mu Misiri no mu gace k'Abarabu . [25] Marijuana yarushijeho kwitabwaho nk’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika byatangiye kuganira ku bijyanye n’ibiyobyabwenge. Malawi ni umwe mu bakora ibiyobyabwenge binini, kandi guverinoma yayo muri iki gihe yemerera umusaruro w’urumogi rwo mu rwego rwo hejuru. [26] Guverinoma ya Malawi ibaye iya mbere muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yemereye guhinga, kugurisha no kohereza mu mahanga marijuwana muri Gashyantare 2020. [27] Nyamara, guhinga no gucuruza marijuwana mu buryo butemewe biracyagaragara muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kuko ubwiyongere bw'ibi bihingwa butuma abahinzi bahura n'inzitizi z'amafaranga bakurikirana inzira nshya z'ubukungu. [28]

 
Marijuana

Kokayine hindura

Gucuruza kokayine bikunze kugaragara muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, ariko ibiyobyabwenge byagiye byiyongera muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nubwo ari akarere kari kure y'inzira zisanzwe za magendu. [29] Guhera mu 2004, muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba habaye gufatwa cyane. [30] Kuva mu 2005 na 2010, gufata kokayine muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byariyongereye inshuro enye. [31] Kubera ko icyiciro cyo hagati kigaragara muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kigira uruhare runini mu gukenera kokayine, leta nyinshi zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba zihangayikishijwe no kwiyongera kwa kokayine no kwiyongera muri ako karere. Hamwe na heroine, kokayine yagize uruhare mu matora mu bihugu nka Kenya, aho inyungu yavuye mu igurishwa ryayo yakoreshejwe mu gutera inkunga ubukangurambaga no kongera ingufu za politiki.

 
Kokayine (cocaina)

Methamphetamine hindura

Methamphetamine yigaruriye isoko ryibiyobyabwenge kwisi yose mumyaka mirongo ishize. Irashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku baturage bo mu bihe byose by’ubukungu kubera imiti ihendutse kandi ihari. Mu gihe abategetsi bo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba batavumbuye ibikorwa bikomeye byo gukora methamphetamine, bavuze ko ibiyobyabwenge byafashwe byinjira muri Aziya. [30] Ku bijyanye n’umusaruro, imitwe y’ibyaha yo muri Nijeriya niyo izwi cyane kandi ikora muri kariya karere. Byongeye kandi, amasoko menshi ya methamphetamine akomeje kwiyongera muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kubera ko guhangana hagati ya "meth yo muri Mexico" yo muri Nijeriya na "meth yo muri Pakisitani" yo muri Afuganisitani byatumye buri wese yigarurira ubucuruzi bw'akarere. [32]

 
Heroine and syringe

Khat hindura

 
Khat

Khat ni ibiyobyabwenge bishingiye ku bimera bikomoka muri Etiyopiya bikoreshwa cyane mu bihugu bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba birimo Etiyopiya, Yemeni, Somaliya, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzaniya, na Uganda. Abaguzi ba khat batekereza ko ingaruka za psychotropique zikomeye kuruta urumogi.

Ingaruka hindura

Ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge ku bihugu n’abaturage bo muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba ntibusanzwe cyane ugereranije n’utundi turere two ku mugabane wa Afurika, ariko bugaragaza ko ingaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba zikwirakwira mu nzego nyinshi. Inzego za polisi nyafurika zifite amikoro make nubushobozi buke bwo kwandika imibare y'ibyaha; [8] ariko iyo babikoze, akenshi ntibatandukanya ibikorwa by'ubugizi bwa nabi busanzwe n’amahanga. Byinshi muri bourse ivuga ku ngaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bikomoka ku mibare mike yujuje ubuziranenge, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe butagira imibare ifatika kugira ngo yemeze ibyo basaba. [31]

Ruswa hindura

Ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobya bwenge butemewe n’umushinga winjiza amafaranga muri ruswa. Ibihugu byibasiwe na ruswa hamwe n’ibihugu bidakomeye n’inzego zidahagije zo kubahiriza amategeko. [8] Nk’uko ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cy’ibiyobya bwenge kibitangaza, hari ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana isano iri hagati yo gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge n’uruhare rw’abayobozi ba leta. [33] Ruswa itera impungenge zikomeye muri afurika y'Iburasirazuba kubera ko intege nke mu bukungu no mu nzego zishobora guteza ruswa mu bayobozi ba Leta n'abakozi bafite umubare muto w'amafaranga. Byongeye kandi, kutagira ibipimo by’ibyaha bifitanye isano n’ibiyobya bwenge mu nzego z’ubutabera mpanabyaha bitera ikibazo uruhare rw’abayobozi bagize uruhare. Ituma ibiyobyabwenge byiyongera muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba hamwe n’ubumuga bwo kurwanya ibiyobya bwenge, amaherezo bigashimangira inzego zishinzwe gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge. [34] Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga kivuga cy’ibiyobyabwenge kivuga ko icuruzwa ry’ibiyobya bwenge rishobora kubangamira iterambere ry’ubukungu kuko ari gake inyungu z’ibiyobya bwenge zitemewe zinjira mu shoramari rirambye . [33] Ruswa itesha agaciro ubushobozi bwa leta guteza imbere inzego zikomeye zikenewe mu kugendera ku mategeko n’ubukungu bukomeye. Ikinyamakuru cy’ububanyi na mahanga kivuga ko impungenge z’uko Kenya ikomeje kugaragara muri ruswa mu gihe umubare wi mitwe yitwara gisirikare ugenda waguka. [31]

 
Anti-corruption Monument of Rwanda information tablet or foundation stone


Ibisubizo hindura

Mu rwego rwo kongera ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobya bwenge muri afurika y’iburasirazuba, uruhare rwa guverinoma narwo rwiyongereye mu myaka icumi ishize. Mu gihe igisubizo cya buri gihugu gitandukanye imanza muri Kenya, Tanzaniya, na Uganda zikunze kwandikwa no kwigwa.

 
ibendera rya Kenya

Umubare munini wa heroine na kokayine byoherezwa muri Kenya bivuye muri Pakisitani, Irani na Latina Amerika binyuze mu nzira zo mu kirere no mu nyanja zerekeza muri Amerika ya majyaruguru nu burayi. [35] Imiyoboro yo gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge yarimo Abanyakenya yateje imbere umubano n’abagize ubutabera ndetse n’inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko kugira ngo babone imyanya y’ubutegetsi, cyane cyane muri politiki, binyuze mu nyungu z’ibiyobya bwenge. [35] Mu gusubiza, Kenya yashyize mu bikorwa itegeko ry’ibiyobya bwenge n’ibiyobya bwenge ( Igenzura ) mu mwaka wa 1994 kandi kuva icyo gihe yashyize ingufu mu gushimangira imyumvire ikomeye yo kurwanya ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobya bwenge. [36] Politiki yafashije gufata ibiro 1000 bya kokayine na toni 1.5 za heroine, bimwe mu byafashwe ku mugabane wa Afurika. Mu mwaka wa 2021, hahinduwe itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 1994 ryemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Kenya. [37] Igamije gusobanura ibipimo by’ubucamanza by’ibihano bijyanye no gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe, kuvugurura urutonde rw’ibintu byemewe mu gukora ibiyobyabwenge, gushimangira ibihano ku bashinzwe kubahiriza amategeko bafasha cyangwa bakora ubucuruzi butemewe n’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobya bwenge, n’ibindi. [38] Kenya yarushijeho gushimangira inzego zishinzwe umutekano mu nyanja, zirimo Serivisi ishinzwe kurinda inkombe za Kenya ( KCGS ) mu rwego rwo kurushaho gukumira no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gutwara ibiyobya bwenge mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo. [39] Muri mwaka wa 2020, KCGS yafatanije n’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobya bwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi ( UNODC ) ku isi hose ( GMCP ) m'urwego rwo kongera ubushobozi no gufasha kurinda amazi ya Kenya gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe. [40]

Tanzaniya hindura

 
ibendera rya Tanzaniya

Inteko shingamategeko ya Tanzaniya yari yashyizeho ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura no gukumira ibiyobya bwenge binyuze mu itegeko rishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira ibiyobya bwenge kugira ngo bikemure ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobya bwenge n’icuruzwa ry’ibiyobya bwenge bivuye mu buryo bunoze kandi bwibanze. [41] Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira ibiyobyabwenge cyakoranye n’umushinga w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’uburayi ACT mu kwakira inama ebyiri zikomeye abitabiriye amahugurwa ni abayobozi b’inzego zubahiriza amategeko muri afurika no mu Burayi. Muri izo nama, abitabiriye amahugurwa baganiriye cyane ku buryo bwo kuzamura no gusangira ubumenyi bwakeye ibyo mu nyanja. [42] Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira ibiyobyabwenge nacyo cyorohereza umushinga witwa jodari, ugamije kuroba no gucuruza ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe ku nkombe za Tanzaniya hakurikijwe ibyifuzo bya unodc [42] Mu mwaka wa 2021, Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira ibiyobya bwenge cyahawe ishimwe ku isi hose kubera ko ari cyo kigo cyiza kigenzura icuruzwa ry’ibiyobya bwenge kuko gahunda zacyo zo guhugura ziyongera ku mubare munini w’ifatwa ryamenyekanye. [43] N’ubwo intsinzi iherutse kumenyekana , Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no kurwanya ibiyobya bwenge kirateganya kwagura ingamba zacyo kugira ngo ikibazo cy’ibiyobya bwenge n’icuruzwa rya marijuwana byiyongera muri Tanzaniya. [43]

 
ibendera rya Uganda

Uganda hindura

Guverinoma y'Uganda yari yemeye itegeko ry’ibiyobyabwenge mu mwaka wa 2016 hagamijwe gusobanura ingamba zifatika kandi zihana ibihano by’ibiyobya bwenge. [41] Iri tegeko rikubiyemo ingamba nyinshi zo guhana kugira ngo ihagarikwa ry’izamuka ry' ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe muri Uganda. Ku rugero, gutunga ibiyobya bwenge bitemewe bishobora kuviramo igifungo kuva ku myaka 10 kugeza ku myaka igera 25, gucuruzwa bisobanurwa ko harimo n’amafaranga make ya magendu bishobora guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu, kandi kudatangaza imiti y’ibiyobya bwenge bishobora kuvamo 5 interuro y'umwaka. [44]

Reba hindura

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Drug Trafficking Patterns". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 : 69–84. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "World Drug Report 2013" (PDF). UNODC. June 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 : 82–90. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 : 154–159. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ : 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ "Drug Trafficking Patterns". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Illicit Drugs and Eastern Africa". UNODC. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :32
  10. ↑ Crime, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized (2021-10-26). "OP-ED: TRAFFICKING: From Afghanistan to Mozambique's Cabo Delgado – the implications of Taliban rule for the southern African drug trade". Daily Maverick (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  11. ↑ "DRUG SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN 2021 Latest findings and emerging threats" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. November 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 : 45–51. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ : 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ : 55–81. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sunday, Frankline. "Aviation sector in new high as passenger numbers hit record 10 million". The Standard (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  16. ↑ "Illicit-Trafficking". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 ENACTAfrica.org (2021-05-14). "Addis Ababa: low-risk choice for trafficking drugs into Africa". ENACT Africa (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  18. ↑ ENACTAfrica.org (2021-05-14). "Addis Ababa: low-risk choice for trafficking drugs into Africa". ENACT Africa (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  19. ↑ "Afghan Opiate Trafficking Through the Southern Route" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. June 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "ANALYSIS: Narco Routes: From Afghanistan to Africa | Mantraya" (in American English). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Crime, Alastair Nelson for the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised (2020-06-14). "OP-ED: A triangle of vulnerability: Changing patterns of illicit trafficking off Africa's Swahili coast". Daily Maverick (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  22. ↑ Ane, Maria-Goretti. "Eastern Africa makes strides towards balanced drug policies".
  23. ↑ "Afghan Opiate Trafficking Thorough the Southern Route" (PDF). UNODC. June 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  24. ↑ Wyler, Liana Sun (February 26, 2010). "Illegal Drug Trade in Africa: Trends and U.S. Policy" (PDF).
  25. ↑ : 17–35. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Monks, Kieron (May 7, 2018). "Africa's weed race? Zimbabwe second country to legalize medicinal marijuana". www.cnn.com.
  27. ↑ Mumbere, Daniel (February 28, 2020). "Malawi becomes latest African country to embrace cannabis". Africanews. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  28. ↑ : 174–189. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ↑ "Cocaine and Heroin". www.europol.europa.eu.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Wright, Joanna (September 2013). "Transnational Organized Crime in Eastern Africa" (PDF). www.unodc.org.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 : 69–84. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ Ford, Alessandro (March 25, 2021). "Meth Markets Booming in East and Southern Africa". www.occrp.org. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 : 467–478. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Gastrow, Peter (September 2011). "Termites at Work: Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya" (PDF). Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  36. ↑ Aucoin, Ciara (June 2018). "Analysing drug trafficking in East Africa" (PDF).
  37. ↑ Apondi, Bernice (June 21, 2021). "Kenya: Let President reject narcotics bill". International Drug Policy Consortium. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  38. ↑ "Policy Brief on the Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Amendment Bill" (PDF). NACADA. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  39. ↑ "2021 INCSR—Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control (As submitted to Congress)" (PDF). US Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. March 2, 2021.
  40. ↑ "UNODC resuming in-person Maritime Law Enforcement capacity building with Kenya Coast Guard". UNODC. September 18, 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Aucoin, Ciara (June 2018). "Analysing drug trafficking in East Africa" (PDF).
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Implementation of the recommendations adopted by the Twenty-sixth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Africa, held in Addis Ababa from 19 to 23 September 2016" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. June 29, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Kapama, Faustine (2021-07-25). "Tanzania: Tz Drug Authority Wins Global Honour". allAfrica.com (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  44. ↑ "Public Health Problem? Ugandan Officials Prescribe a Prison Sentence". www.opensocietyfoundations.org (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
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