Kwimuka kwabantu
Kwimuka kwabantu nigikorwa cy'abantu bava ahantu hamwe bajya ahandi bafite intego yo gutura, burundu cyangwa byigihe gito, ahantu hashya Urugendo rukunze kubaho intera ndende kandi kuva mu gihugu ujya mubindi , ariko kw'imuka mbere nabyo birashoboka; mubyukuri, ubu ni bwo buryo bwiganje bwo kwimuka kw'abantu kwisi yose. [1] Kwimuka akenshi bifitanye isano nigishoro cyiza cyumuntu haba kurwego rwumuntu ndetse no murugo, hamwe no kubona uburyo bwiza bwo kwimuka, byoroha kwimuka rya kabiri. Ifite amahirwe menshi yo kuzamura iterambere ryabantu, kandi ubushakashatsi bumwe bwemeza ko kwimuka aribwo buryo butaziguye bwo kuva mu bukene. Imyaka nayo ni ingenzi kubikorwa byombi no kwimuka bitari akazi. Abantu barashobora kwimuka nkabantu ku giti cyabo, mumiryango cyangwamu matsinda manini. [2] Hariho uburyo bune bwingenzi bwo kwimuka:gutera, kwigarurira, ubukoroni nokwimura / Abimukira.
Abantu bimuka mu rugo rwabo kubera kwimurwa kugahato bashobora kuvugwa ko ari abimuwe cyangwa, iyo basigaye mu gihugu cyabo, abimuwe mu gihugu . Umuntu uhungira mu kindi gihugu ashobora kuba, ari impamvu yo kuva mu gihugu cy’iwabo ari politiki,cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gutotezwa, ashobora gusaba mu gihugu ubuhungiro bushakirwa hanyuma bikavugwa ko ari ubuhungiro. Niba iyi porogaramu igenda neza, ubuzima bwemewe nu muntu buhinduka impunzi .
Ibihugu bigumana imbaraga zo gufata icyemezo cyo kwinjira no kuguma kubatari abenegihugu kuko kwimuka bigira ingaruka ku bintu bimwe na bimwe bisobanura igihugu.
Bitewe n'intego n'impamvu yo kwimuka, abantu bimuka bashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: abimukira, impunzi, n'abasaba ubuhunzi. muri rusange ni byinshi bishobora gutera abantu guhindura aho bari baherereye
Nkuko bimeze, abimukira basanzwe bavugwa nkabantu bahindura igihugu batuyemo kubwimpamvu rusange. Izi ntego zishobora kubamo gushakisha amahirwe meza yakazi cyangwa ibikenerwa mubuvuzi. [3]
Impamvu zituma impunzi zimuka ubusanzwe zirimo ibikorwa byintambara mu gihugu cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukandamizwa, bituruka kuri guverinoma cyangwa imiryango itegamiye kuri leta. Ubusanzwe impunzi zifitanye isano nabantu bagomba kwimuka batabishaka vuba bishoboka; kubwibyo, abimukira nkabo birashoboka ko bazimuka badafite ibyangombwa. [3]
Impamvu yo kuva mu gihugu kubasaba ubuhungiro ishobora kuba irimo ubukungu cyangwa politiki bidahungabana cyangwa umubare munini w'ibyaha . Niyo mpamvu, abasaba ubuhunzi bimuka ahanini kugira ngo bahunge . [3]
kwimuka ntibifatwa nkabimuka, kubera ko muri rusange urugendo ari ibihe nta bushake bwo gutura ahantu hashya, kandi abantu bake gusa ni bo bagumanye ubu buryo bwo kubaho muri iki gihe. Urugendo rwigihe gito, ubukerarugendo,cyangwa ingendo nazo ntifatwa nkuwimuka, mugihe udafite umugambi wo gutura no gutura ahantu hasuwe. [4]
Ingaruka zubukungu zo kwimuka kwabantu
hindura
Ingaruka zo kwimuka kwabantu mu bukungu bw'isi zabaye nziza Muri 2015, abimukira bagize 3,3%byabatuye isi,9.4% by'umusaruro rusange w'isi.
Kurwego rwa micréconomie, agaciro kigenda kwabantu kamenyekana cyane nibigo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2021 n’itsinda ry’ubujyanama rya Boston ryerekanye ko 72% by’abayobozi 850+ bo mu bihugu byinshi n’inganda bemeza ko kwimuka byagiriye akamaro ibihugu byabo. [5]
ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'isi kibitangaza ngo gufungura imipaka yose bishobora kongera miliyari 78 z'amadolari
Kwimuka kubushake kandi ku gahato
hinduraItandukaniro riri hagati y'ubushake no kwimuka kubushake biragoye kubikora kandi bifite ishingiro, kuko abatera kwimuka akenshi bifitanye isano. Bank y'isi yagereranije ko, mu mwaka wa 2010, miliyoni 16.3 cyangwa 7,6% by'abimukira bujuje ibisabwa nk'impunzi. [6] Uyu mubare wiyongereye kugera kuri miliyoni 19.5 muri 2014. [7] Ku rwego rwa hafi 3 ku ijana umugabane w’abimukira mubatuye isi wagumye uhoraho kuburyo budasanzwe mumyaka 5 ishize.
Kwimuka kubushake
hinduraKwimuka ku bushake bishingiye kubushake bw’umuntu kandi bigaterwa n’uruvange rw’ibintu: ubukungu, politiki ndetse n’imibereho: haba mu gihugu cy’abimukira cyangwa mu gihugu aho ujya
Gusunika ibintu nimpamvu zisunika abantu ahantu runaka. mugihugu bakomokamo, akenshi bifata ibyemezo muguhitamo kwimuka. nibintu byiza by'igihugu gitandukanye gishishikariza abantu kwimuka gushaka ubuzima bwiza.
"ikintu cyo gusunika" cyangwa kugena / gukurura, ingero nkizo ni: ubuzima bubi, kubura akazi, umwanda ukabije, inzara, amapfa cyangwa ibiza. Ibihe nkibi byerekana impamvu zifatika zo kwimuka kubushake, abaturage bahitamo kwimuka kugirango bakumire ibibazo byubukungu cyangwa nububabare bwamarangamutima ndetse numubiri.
Kwimuka ku gahato
hinduraHariho ibisobanuro bihatanira kwimuka ku gahato. Icyakora, abanditsi b'ikinyamakuru cya siyansi kizwi cyane kuri iyo ngingoisubiramo ry'abimukira kugahato, batanga ibisobanuro bikurikira: Kwimuka ku gahato bivuga ingendo z’impunzi n’abimuwe mu gihugu [8] Izi mpamvu zitandukanye zitera kwimuka zisiga abantu amahitamo imwe, kwimukira mubidukikije. Abimukira bava mu ngo zabo bashaka ubuzima mu nkambi, gutura bidatinze, no mu bihugu by'ubuhungiro. [9]
Mu mpera za 2018, ku isi hose habaruwe miliyoni 67.2 ku gahato ku isi – Impunzi miliyoni 25.9 zavanywe mu bihugu byazo, na miliyoni 41.3 z’abimuwe mu gihugu bari barimuwe mu bihugu byabo kubera impamvu zitandukanye.
Ibitekerezo byo kwimuka kwiki gihe
hinduraIncamake
hinduraimpanvu yamukuru itera abimukira gukomeza kugenda nuko ibihugu hafi yabyose by'isi byongereye abakozi kugirango ubukungu bwabyo burusheho kwiyongera.
Bene abo bimukira bakohereza bamwe mu mazu binjiza mu muryango mu buryo bwo kohereza amafaranga mu bukungu, bikaba byarabaye ishingiro ry'ubukungu mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. [10] Abantu barashobora kandi kwimuka cyangwa guhatirwa kwimuka biturutse ku makimbirane,ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu Izindi mpamvu abantu bashobora kwimuka zirimo kubona amahirwe na serivisi. [11] . Muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, urugero, kwimukira mu Burayi bibarwa nk'ikimenyetso cy'icyubahiro rusange. Byongeye kandi, ibihugu byinshi byahoze bikoronizwa .. [12]
reba
hindura- ↑ World Migration Report 2020. International Organization for Migration, 2019. "The great majority of people in the world do not migrate across borders; much larger numbers migrate within countries (an estimated 740 million internal migrants in 2009)" (p. 19). "In 2019, there were an estimated 272 million international migrants globally (3.5% of the world’s population) .... it is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in the countries in which they were born" (p. 21).
- ↑ "Migrations country wise". Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities". thewordpoint.com (in Icyongereza). 27 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ "Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities". 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "When Innovation Has No Borders, Culture Is Key". BCG Global (in Icyongereza). 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
- ↑ "Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011" (PDF) (2nd ed.). World Bank. p. 18. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ↑ "Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016" (PDF) (3rd ed.). World Bank. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 25 March 2019. As noted on p. xiii, the report presents migrant stocks for 2013, refugee numbers for 2014, remittance outflows for 2014, and remittance inflows for 2015.
- ↑ "Welcome | Forced Migration Review". www.fmreview.org. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ↑ Colson, Elizabeth, "Forced Migration and the Anthropological Response". Journal of Refugee Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1–19
- ↑ Jason de Parle, "A Good Provider Leaves", New York Times, 22 Apr 2007.
- ↑
{{cite news}}: Empty citation (help) - ↑ For example, Moroccans in France, Filipinos in the United States of America, Koreans in Japan or Samoans in New Zealand.