Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Kurengera ibidukikije nigikorwa cyo kurengera ibidukikije kubantu, imiryango na leta. [1]
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ubwiyongere bwabaturage n’ikoranabuhanga, ibidukikije bigenda byangirika, rimwe na rimwe burundu. Ibi byaramenyekanye, kandi guverinoma zatangiye gushyiraho imipaka ku bikorwa byangiza ibidukikije . Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960, ibikorwa by’ibidukikije byatumye abantu bamenya ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije .
Uburyo bwo kurengera ibidukikije
hinduraAmasezerano y’ibidukikije ku bushake
hinduraMu bihugu by’inganda, amasezerano y’ibidukikije ku bushake akenshi atanga urubuga ku masosiyete Urugero, mu Buhinde, Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ibidukikije (EIT) cyakoraga mu kurengera ibidukikije n’amashyamba kuva mu 1998. [2] Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, nka Amerika y'Epfo, aya masezerano akoreshwa cyane mu gukemura urwego rukomeye rwo kutubahiriza amabwiriza ateganijwe.
Ibinyabuzima byegereye
hinduraByaba byiza, inzira yo gufata ibyemezo muri ubwo buryo yaba inzira yo gufatanya mugutegura no gufata ibyemezo birimo uruhare runini rwabafatanyabikorwa mu nzego zose za leta zibishinzwe, ndetse n’abahagarariye inganda, amatsinda y’ibidukikije, n’abaturage. Ubu buryo bushyigikira cyane guhanahana amakuru, guteza imbere ingamba zo gukemura amakimbirane no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu karere. Amadini nayo agira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. [3]
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije
hindura
Impamvu, ibihugu byinshi bigerageza gukora amasezerano asinywa na guverinoma nyinshi zo gukumira ibyangiritse cyangwa gucunga ingaruka z’ibikorwa by’abantu ku mutungo kamere. Ibi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo amasezerano agira ingaruka nkikirere, inyanja, inzuzi n’umwanda . Aya masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije rimwe na rimwe ni itegeko ryubahiriza amategeko rifite aho rihurira n’amategeko iyo ridakurikijwe, kandi mu bindi bihe. Aya masezerano afite amateka maremare hamwe n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yashyizweho kuva mu 1910 mu Burayi, Amerika na Afurika . [4]
Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 2021, Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu cyemezo 48/13, Inama Njyanama yahamagariye ibihugu byo ku isi gukorera hamwe, hamwe n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa, gushyira mu bikorwa uburenganzira bushya bwemewe. [5]
Guverinoma
hindura
Tanzaniya
hinduraAmategeko shingiro menshi yemera ko Tanzaniya ifite bimwe mu binyabuzima binini by’ibihugu byose bya Afurika. Hafi 40% yubutaka bwashyizweho murusobe rwibice bikingiwe, harimo na parike nyinshi zigihugu. [6] Impungenge z’ibidukikije zirimo kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no gutakaza aho gutura biturutse ku bwiyongere bw’abaturage, kwagura ubuhinzi butunzwe n’umwanda, [7]
Ubushinwa
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kubunga bunga ibidukikije mugihugu cy'ubushinwa byatewe inkunga bwa mbere n’inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’ibidukikije ku 1972 yabereye i Stockholm, muri Suwede.Inama y’igihugu yatangaje ko kurengera ibidukikije bizaba imwe muri politiki y’ibanze y’Ubushinwa maze mu 1984 hashyirwaho ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (NEPA). Nyuma y’umwuzure ukabije w’ikibaya cy’uruzi rwa Yangtze mu 1998, NEPA yazamuwe mu kigo cya Leta gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (SEPA) bivuze ko kurengera ibidukikije ubu byashyizwe mu bikorwa ku rwego rwa minisitiri. Muri 2008, SEPA yamenyekanye ku izina ryayo rya Minisiteri ishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (MEP).
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi
hinduraKurengera ibidukikije byabaye umurimo w'ingenzi ku bigo by’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nyuma y’amasezerano ya Maastricht yo kwemeza Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’ibihugu byose bigize uyu muryango. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ukora cyane mu bijyanye na politiki y’ibidukikije.
Irilande
hindura(EPA)ni ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije mur Irilande gifite imirimo myinshi yo kurengera ibidukikije, hamwe n’inshingano z’ibanze zirimo: [8]
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati
hinduraIbihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bihinduka mu bikorwa bihuriweho n’ibidukikije bya kisilamu, byatangijwe mu 2002,ibihugu bigize uyu muryango byinjira mu nama y’abaminisitiri b’ibidukikije bya kisilamu mu myaka ibiri, byibanda ku kamaro ko kurengera ibidukikije n’iterambere rirambye. [9]
Uburusiya
hinduraMu Burusiya, kurengera ibidukikije ni bimwe mubigize umutekano w'igihugu. Minisiteri y’umutungo kamere n’ibidukikije n’urwego rwa Leta rwemewe rushinzwe gucunga ibidukikije. Icyakora, mu Burusiya hari ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije .
Amerika y'Epfo
hinduraUmuryango w'abibumbye(UNEP) yagaragaje ibihugu 17 bitandukanye . Urutonde rurimo ibihugu bitandatu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo: Burezili, Kolombiya, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru na Venezuwela . Mexico na Berezile . Ibi bihugu byerekana impungenge zikomeye zo kurengera ibidukikije kuko bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutema amashyamba, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, umwanda, no kwiyongera kwabaturage.
Australiya
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guhera mu mwaka wa 2008, hari ha 98.487.116 z'ubuso burinzwe ku isi, bingana na 12.8% by'ubutaka bwa Ositaraliya . [10] Imibare yo mu 2002 ingana na 10.1% by'ubutaka ku isi na 64,615.554 z'ubutaka bwo mu nyanja zirinzwe [11] byagaragaye ko bidahagije hafi kimwe cya kabiri cya bioregioni 85 za Ositaraliya. [12]
Nouvelle-Zélande
hinduraMinisiteri y’ibidukikije ishinzwe politiki y’ibidukikije rikemura ibibazo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije . Ku rwego rw'akarere njyanama z'akarere ziyobora amategeko kandi zigakemura ibibazo by'ibidukikije byo mu karere.
Busuwisi
hinduraKurengera ibidukikije mu Busuwisi bishingiye ahanini ku ngamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bw’isi. Umwanda mu Busuwisi ahanini ni umwanda uterwa n’imodoka hamwe n’imyanda ikorwa na ba mukerarugendo.
Ubuhinde
hinduraUbuhinde bufite ingingo nyinshi zerekana inshingano za guverinoma yo hagati na Leta mu kurengera ibidukikije.Ibihugu bihatira kurengera no guteza imbere ibidukikije no kubungabunga amashyamba n’ibinyabuzima by’igihug
Reba
hindura- ↑ "Environmental-protection dictionary definition | environmental-protection defined". yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ↑ Karamanos, P., Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Evolution and Definition of a New Environmental Policy Approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001. 44(1): p. 67-67-84.
- ↑ The California Institute of Public Affairs (CIPA) (August 2001). "An ecosystem approach to natural resource conservation in California". CIPA Publication No. 106. InterEnvironment Institute. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ↑ Mitchell, R.B., International Environmental Agreements: A Survey of Their Features, Formation, and Effects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2003. 28(1543-5938, 1543-5938): p. 429-429-461.
- ↑ "The right to a clean and healthy environment: 6 things you need to know". UN News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ↑ Earth Trends (2003). "Biodiversity and Protected Areas-- Tanzania" (PDF). Earth Trends Country Profiles. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ↑ Jessica Andersson; Daniel Slunge (16 June 2005). "Tanzania – Environmental Policy Brief" (PDF). Development Partners Group Tanzania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ↑ "What We Are Responsible For". Environmental Protection Agency (in Icyongereza).
- ↑ "7th Islamic Conference of Environment Ministers" (PDF). ISESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ↑ "Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database 2008". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ "Collaborative Aus tralian Protected Areas Database 2002". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
- ↑ Paul Sattler and Colin Creighton. "Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002". National Land and Water Resources Audit. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.