Ibiganiro:Rwanda

The following content was moved here from Category:Rwanda where it had been placed by an anonymous editor in December 2005. It appears to have been lifted wholesale from rwandagateway.org and is likely to be a copyright violation, but since it is the only content in Kinyarwana I'm reluctant to delete it completely.

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U Rwanda rwa mbere y'Umwaduko w'Abazungu

Muri rusange, abahanga mu by’amateka ntabwo basobanura kimwe inkomoko y’amoko atatu y’abanyarwanda ariyo : Abahutu, Abatutsi, n’Abatwa. Nyamara ariko, bose bemeranya ko u Rwanda rwa mbere y’ubukoroni rwari rufite uburyo bwiza bw’imitegekere bihuriweho n’abanyarwanda bose. Ubwami (igihugu) bwatwarwaga n’umwami wabaga ukomoka ahanini mu batutsi bo mu bwoko bw’Abanyiginya.

Umwami yagiraga ububasha bw’ikirenga hafi ya bwose, ariko yafashwaga mu butegetsi bwe n’abatware batatu b’ingenzi: Umutware w’ingabo twagereranya n’umugaba w’ingabo w’iki gihe. Uwo mutware yatwaraga ingabo, akita ku busugire n’ukwaguka by’igihugu. Umutware wa kabiri yari umutware w’umukenke uyu we yitaga ku bijyanye n’ubworozi, ubwatsi ndetse no gukemura impaka zijyanye na byo. Uwa gatatu yari umutware w’ubutaka warebaga ibijyanye n’ubutaka buhingwa, umusaruro ndetse n’ibindi bijyanye na byo.

Abatware babaga ahanini ari Abatutsi, ariko kenshi umutware w’ubutaka yabaga ari umuhutu. N’ubwo bitagaragaraga ko umwamikazi yategekaga, nyamara yagiraga uruhare rukomeye mu butegetsi bwa cyami. Nk’ahandi hose umwami na rubanda rusanzwe ntabwo babaga bareshya; ahubwo bahuzwaga n’ubuhake aribwo buryo bwahuzaga abafite amasambu manini ariko badakomoka mu muryango w’abami n’abandi bafite amasambu mato ndetse n’abagaragu basanzwe.

Abashakashatsi bamwe bagiye bandika ku buhake uko butari. Ubundi ubuhake bwari uburyo bushingiye ku bukungu bwatumaga habaho ubufatanye hagati y’abakire n’abatari abakire. Bwari uburyo bwahurirwagaho n’Abahutu, Abatutsi ndetse n’Abatwa kandi bufitiye akamaro bose. Umuntu yakoraga ubuhake ku bushake bwe kandi akabikora kubera impamvu nyinshi, hari ugushaka kurengerwa, kwiteganyiriza ndetse no gushaka amaboko kubabaga bakomeye.

Uretse intambara zo kwagura igihugu ndetse n’izo kwigarurira utundi duhugu, u Rwanda rwari igihugu kiba mu mahoro. Mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga 400, abantu babanaga neza mu buhake n’ubwo igihe cy’imyaka itari mike ingoma nyiginya ari yo yatwaraga igihugu.

Imirimo y’ingenzi y’ubukungu mu Rwanda rwa mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu yari ubworozi n’ubuhinzi. Ni kuri iyi mirimo bashingiragaho bagena agaciro k’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa se ak’umuryango mu muryango nyarwanda.

Kubera ko inka zahabwaga agaciro kanini mu bukungu muri icyo gihe, abanyarwanda babaga bafite amashyo menshi bafatwaga nk’abakire cyane kurusha abahinzi. Mu by’ukuri uko ubushakashatsi bwo mu gihe cya gikoroni ku nkomoko y’abanyarwanda bubivuga si byo. Abanyarwanda bemera ko izina Umututsi ryakoreshwaga mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu mu kuvuga umuntu wabaga yoroye cyane, kandi ukize, naho umuhutu rikaba ryaravugaga umuntu w’umuhinzi utari umukire cyane.

Indi mirimo y’ubukungu yari uguhiga no gusoroma mu mashyamba. Ibi byo byakorwaga n’ikindi gice cy’abanyarwanda cyari kizwi ku izina ry’abatwa. Abatwa bafatwaga nabi ndetse bakanenwa n’Abahutu ndetse n’Abatutsi. Abahutu n’Abatutsi ntabwo byari byoroshye kubatandukanya ku buryo bamwe bashoboraga ndetse bagiye bava mu gice kimwe bakajya mu kindi bitewe n’imitungo babaga bafite. Hari inzego zinyuranye zahuzaga abanyarwanda mu mibanire yabo, twavuga nk’ubwoko gakondo bwahuzaga umuryango nyarwanda wose.

Urwego rw’ubuhake rwatumaga habaho ubufatanye bukomeye hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda wa mbere y’ubukoroni, umubano hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibice bibiri byo mu nzego zitandukanye. Akenshi umutware (uhatse) yabaga ari umututsi, na ho umugaragu yashoboraga kuba umuhutu cyangwa umututsi uri mu rwego rw’ubukungu rwo hasi ugereranyije na shebuja. Umuntu yashoboraga guhaka ariko na we agahakwa, n’Abatutsi babaga bahatse Abahutu na bo ubwabo bashoboraga guhakwa ku bandi batutsi babarusha amaboko. Umwami wenyine ni we utarashoboraga guhakwa. Umuntu yashoboraga guhaka cyangwa guhakwa bitewe n’umubare w’inka yabaga afite. Bigaragara ko abantu bashoboraga gutandukana bitewe n’ubwoko gakondo babaga bakomokamo kuruta amoko yagaragazaga imitungo (abahutu, abatutsi n’abatwa). Uwitwa David Newbury yagaragaje ko amazina “umuhutu n’umututsi” yakoreshwaga mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu atari nk’uko akoreshwa ubu. (D. Newbery, 1979,1980; C Newbury 1988).

Hari amoko gakondo yose hamwe agera kuri 19 kandi yahurirwagaho n’Abahutu n’Abatutsi ndetse n’Abatwa. Bamwe bavuga ko kugera mu kinyejana cya 19 hagati, ubwoko gakondo bw’abanyarwanda ari bwo bwari ingenzi kuruta kubashyira mu nzego z’ubuhutu, ubututsi n’ubutwa. Gusobanura umunyarwanda hakoreshejwe izo nzego bishingiye ku ruhande rumwe ku kuntu abantu bagiye batura u Rwanda ndetse no ku busumbane bw’amoko ku rundi ruhande, ni ibyahimbwe n’abakoroni kubera inyungu zabo ahagana mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 20.

U Rwanda mu Gihe cya Gikoloni

Mu mwaka wa 1899, u Rwanda rwakoronijwe n’igihugu cy’Ubudage. Abadage bategetse babinyujije mu mwami n’abatware be. Kuko Abadage bari barabonye ko na mbere y’uko abazungu bagera mu Rwanda ubutegetsi bwa cyami bwari bufite ubuyobozi bukora neza kandi bukomeye, kandi kuko batari bafite abantu babo bahagije bo gutegeka mu nzego zose z’ubutegetsi; bashyizeho mu mizo ya mbere uburyo bwo kuyobora ariko bakoresheje umwami w’u Rwanda n’abafasha be. Ibyo byagezweho nyuma y’amasezerano bagiranye n’umwami ko Ubudage buzarengera u Rwanda ntawe uzarukoraho. Nyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, ahagana mu mwaka w’1919, u Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cy’Umuryango Ubumye ibihugu ruragizwa ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi. Mu 1946 nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi, u Rwanda rweguriwe u Bubiligi bikorwa n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye.

Mbere y’umwaka wa 1916 igihe u Bubiligi bwaragizwaga - Ruanda (Rwanda) - Urundi (Burundi) babyambuye Abadage, ubwami bwombi ubw’u Rwanda n’Uburundi bwayoborwaga n’amategeko y’i Belilini mu Budage (babinyujije i Dar -es- Salaam) kuva mu 1899. Mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga 40 u Rwanda rukoronizwa n’Ababiligi, imibereho n’imibanire by’abaturage byaragoretswe. Urugero ni uko nk’imibanire y’umutware (uhatse) n’umugaragu (uhatswe) yariho mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu irangwa n’ubufatanye bw’impande zombi yagoretswe igahindurwa politiki, ubuhake buhinduka uburyo bwo gukandamiza no kunyunyuza rubanda rugufi ndetse kubukora ntibibe ubushake n’ubwumvikane hagati y’impande zombi ahubwo buba agahato. Ikindi ni uko mu gihe cy’ubukoroni, ibihingwa ngengabukungu byatejwe imbere, ariko bigakorwa bifashishije uburyo butari bwiza harimo n’ibihano byo kubabaza umuntu ku mubiri (ibiboko) byadindije imibanire y’umwami n’ibyegera bye -abenshi bakomoka mu bwoko bw’abatutsi n’ikindi gice gisigaye cy’abanyarwanda - kikaba ikintu cyakomeje kuranga imibanire hagati y’abahutu n’abatutsi. Mu w’1933 ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni b’Ababiligi bwazanye mu gihugu ibiranga abantu birimo ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko. Abanyarwanda bari bafite inka icumi cyangwa zirenga bahise babarurwa nk’abatutsi ndetse n’ababakomokaho, mu gihe abari bafite iziri hasi babaruwe nk’abahutu.

Abatutsi bari binangiye bagiye bashyirwa mu mashuri y’abihaye Imana b’abanyagaturika. Kugira ngo itsimbataze ku mugaragaro ubwo buryo, Kiliziya yasubiyemo politiki zayo z’uburezi ishyigikira ku buryo bugaragara abatutsi ikandamiza abahutu. Hari ahagiye haba insobategeko nk’aho abahutu babonaga gusa ubumenyi busabwa mu bijyane no gukora mu mabuye y’agaciro na nyuma mu maseminari.

Ku mpamvu z’imigirire n’iza politiki, Ababiligi bashyigikiye bwa mbere umwami n’ibyegera bye, bakaba abenshi bari abatutsi bayoboraga. Aho ubwigenge butangiye gusabirwa, akenshi busabwa na ba batutsi bari barashyigikiwe, bari mu ishyaka rya Lunari (UNAR), Ababiligi bahise batangira gushyigikira igice cy’abaseminari bari mu ishyaka rya PARMEHUTU rikaba ryari rishingiye ku ngengabitekerezo y’irondakarere n’irondakoko.

Bamwe mu bategetsi b’abakoloni b’abanyaburayi ndetse n’abihaye Imana bakoreraga mu Karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari hagati mu ikinyejana , bemeraga ibyo bari barise ubwoko busumba ubundi “hamite” byafataga abatutsi nk’ubwoko butandukanye n’ubundi bugomba kuba bwaravuye ahandi kugira ngo bujijure « abacakara » b’abahutu n’abatwa.

Dukurikije icyo gitekerezo « ikintu cyose cy’agaciro muri Afurika cyazanywe n’ubwoko bujijutse bushobora kuba bwaravuye hanze y’umugabane (w’Afurika). Byemejwe rero ko bahitamo abayobozi b’abatutsi mu gushaka abategetsi ba politiki b’abenegihugu. Abahutu bari abashefu ndetse n’ababungirizaga bakuweho basimbuzwa abatutsi. Mu 1930, Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatulika Musenyeri Classe yihanangirije agira ati :

Ikosa rikomeye ubutegetsi bwakora rikabugiraho ingaruka bwo ndetse n’igihugu ryaba kwigizayo gatutsi. Impinduka nk’iyo yaganisha igihugu mu mwiryane ndetse no kubukomunisiti biri kure yo kuganisha ku iterambere. Nk’ihame, ntiwagira abashefu beza, bazi ubwenge, bakora neza kandi bashobora gusobanukirwa igitekerezo cy’iterambere noneho igihebuje bakemerwa n’abaturage kuruta abatutsi (Classe,1930)

Ubushobozi bw’abahutu benshi bwari buzitiwe n’ivangura ryazanywe n’amashuri y’abihaye Imana, kandi aribo bari bahagarariye uburezi ahanini mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Nyuma rero aho abategetsi b’abatutsi basabiye ubwigenge, ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni bwahinduye abo bwashyigikiraga noneho bushyigikira abategetsi b’abahutu. Ingamba z’abakoloni zari zihawe intango yari yifitemo amakimbirane. Muri myaka y’1950, ibyasabwaga bya politiki mu Rwanda byari bishingiye ku bwoko.

Muri Werurwe 1957, Grégoire KAYIBANDA wari umwanditsi mukuru w’ikinyamakuru cya Kiliziya Gatulika Kinyamateka, afashijwe n’Umushumba wa Kiliziya Perrodin bashyize ahagaragara inyandiko yamenyekanye cyane « Indangamatwara y’abahutu », hakaba harimo mbere na mbere ikibazo cya politiki cyari gisobanuye mu magambo ashingiye ku moko, isaba iterambere ry’abahutu ndetse n’iringaniza ry’amoko mu mashuri no mu kazi. Babigiyemo umugambi n’ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni b’ababiligi, ubwicanyi bwa mbere bwakorewe abatutsi mu 1959 bukozwe n’abarwanashyaka ba PARMEHUTU.

Muri ako kaduruvayo n’akarengane byari byakwiye hose kandi bishyigikiwe n’abategetsi b’abakoloni b’ababiligi, PARMEHUTU yasheshe ubwami itangaza Repubulika mu 1961 mbere y’uko hanabaho ubwigenge.

Ku itariki ya mbere y’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga 1962, u Rwanda rwemerewe ubwigenge bwa politiki bityo butandukana n’u Burundi. Mu nyuma, politiki y’abayobozi b’abahutu n’ibindi bikorwa byayikurikiye bikageza ku bwigenge mu 1962 byazanye ibibazo bitoroshye kandi binagenderwaho muri politiki y’u Rwanda.

U Rwanda nyuma y'Ubwigenge

Nyuma y’ubwigenge, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n’imigenzurire y’abaturage mu bice byose by’ubuzima; Repubulika ya mbere iyobowe na KAYIBANDA Grégoire yirukanye abatutsi mu myanya yose y’ubuyobozi ndetse inazitira ibyerekeranye n’imyigire yabo.

Abayobozi bashyize ububasha bwa politiki n’ubw’ubukungu mu maboko y’abahutu bake bakomoka mu karere ko hagati (Nduga).

Imidugararo itoroshye yadutse mu kuboza 1963 habaho ubwicanyi bwakorewe ibihumbi by’abatutsi biturutse ku gitero cy’inyenzi, (abari basigaye ku ruhande rw’ubwami). Na none ibihumbi by’abatutsi byahungiye mu bihugu bituranye n’u Rwanda.

Mu 1965 hatangajwe ko u Rwanda rubaye igihugu kigendera ku ishyaka rimwe MDR PARMEHUTU akaba ari yo yari yarubatse ingengabitekerezo y’ivanguramoko ikaba yaranongerewe ingufu kuri Repubulika ya kabiri ku bwa Perezida Général Major Juvénal HABYARIMANA.

Repubulika ya mbere ku bwa Perezida KAYIBANDA Grégoire yimakaje ivangura ryakorerwaga abatutsi, buri gihe hagakoreshwa ubwicanyi mu kwigizayo abo badashaka kugira ngo bakomeze bayobore. Igice cy’abanyarwanda « Inyenzi » bari hanze y’igihugu bagerageje kugaruka bakoresheje intwaro ntibabigereho.

Bitewe n’itotezwa ry’abatutsi n’abahutu bavuka mu bindi bice ryakomezaga, hagakubitiraho ubukungu bwari bwarazahaye, ahagana mu w’1972, ubutegetsi bwa KAYIBANDA bwari bwabaye bubi kandi budashikamye.

Mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga 1973, Minisitiri w’ingabo n’ubusugire bw’igihugu, Général Major Juvénal HABYARIMANA yakuyeho Perezida KAYIBANDA, ahagarika imirimo yose ya politiki, anashyiraho ubutegetsi bwa gisirikari ari na bwo bwa Repubulika ya kabiri. Inkurikizi zabaye ko iherezo rya Repubulika ya mbere n’ivanwaho rya KAYIBANDA byatumye hapfa abanyapolitiki benshi bakomeye bo mu karere ko hagati na KAYIBANDA ubwe. Abatutsi benshi barishwe.

Mu 1975, Perezida HABYARIMANA yashinze Muvoma Revorisiyoneri iharanira amajyambere (Mouvement Révolutionnaire Nationale pour le Développement), ishyaka rimwe ryari ku butegetsi ryagombaga gushyiraho Itegeko Nshinga mu 1978, na ryo ryamushyiraga mu mirimo ku buryo buhoraho riteganya amatora yarimo umukandida rukumbi. HABYARIMANA yari yashyizeho ishyaka rya MRND mu 1975.

Mu Kuboza 1978, Itegeko Nshinga rishya ryaremewe muri Kamarampaka yo ku rwego rw’igihugu, nuko HABYARIMANA wiyamamaje ari umukandida umwe rukumbi aratorwa. Itegeko Nshinga na ryo ryemezaga ko u Rwanda ari igihugu kigendera ku ishyaka rimwe MRND ryaje kuba MRNDD mu 1991 nk’umutwe umwe wa politiki wemewe.

Repubulika ya mbere na Repubulika ya kabiri zombi zavugaga buri gihe ko u Rwanda ari ruto kandi rutuwe n’abaturage benshi ku buryo rutabasha kwakira impunzi zatahuka. Uko ni na ko ubwoko butari mu murongo wa politiki y’ubutegetsi bwigizwagayo ndetse bugakeneshwa uko ubutegetsi bwa HABYARIMANA bwagendaga burushaho gukomeza kutihanganira abo batavugaga rumwe.

Amacakubiri hagati y’abahutu bayoboraga (Akazu) bari barigaragaje muri Kudeta y’ 1973 bashyizwe hejuru muri za 1970 no muri za 1980 mu gihe ako kazu kashyiraga abahutu mu byiciro bibiri: abo mu majyaruguru n’abo mu majyepfo. Ibikorwa bya politiki bidahuje na politiki ya MRND byari bibujijwe kugera ubwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yaje kwitwa “Inama Nkuru y’Amajyambere”

Mbere y’amasezerano y’Arusha

Amasezerano y’amahoro mu Rwanda yatangiye neza muri Werurwe 1991 atangirana n’amasezerano y’ihagarika ry’imirwano ya N’Sele. Imishyikirano y’amahoro y’Arusha yatangiye muri Nyakanga 1992. Aya mbere ajyanye n’itegeko yemewe ndetse ashyirwaho umukono muri Kamena 1992.

Nyamara impaka zigaragara zijyanye n’ikibazo cy’impunzi zatangiye mu Kwakira 1982, igihe HABYARIMANA yafungaga umupaka w’u Rwanda na Uganda nyuma y’aho ibihumbi by’impunzi zahunze kubera gutotezwa n’uwahoze ari Perezida wa Uganda Milton OBOTE n’ishyaka rya politiki ryeUPC (Uganda Peoples Congress ).

Mu 1983, HABYARIMANA yemeye gutuza impunzi zirenga ibihumbi bitatu, ariko mu Kuboza k’uwo mwaka, ibihumbi by’impunzi byambutse Tanzaniya kubera iterabwoba n’itotezwa. Ku mabwiriza ya HABYARIMANA, Komite nkuru ya MRND yatangaje muri Nyakanga 1986 ko u Rwanda rutakwemera itahuka ry’umubare munini w’impunzi, kuko ubukungu bw’igihugu butabasha gufasha impunzi nyinshi n’ubutaka buto ibyo yitaga ngo“ikirahuri kiruzuye”

Mu 1989 Perezida Habyarimana na Museveni barahuye bashyiraho Komite ishinzwe kwiga uburyo Impunzi zatahuka. Mu 1990, raporo ya mbere yavugaga ko Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yemereraga impunzi ko zatahuka ku bushake ariko ikavuga ko ababisabaga batari bizeye mutekano wabo. Nyamara Habyarimana yakomeje kwirengagiza no kutagira icyo yakora ngo impunzi z’abanyarwanda zari mu bihugu duturanye zitahuke.

Tariki ya 1, Ukwakira,1990, Ingabo za FPR-Inkotanyi zateye U Rwanda ziturutse muri Uganda. Izo ngabo zari zigizwe ahanini n’abanyarwanda bari mu ngabo za NRA (National Resistance Army) za Museveni. Zaturutse mu majyaruguru maze zifata uduce twinshi mu majyaruguru no mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba. Icyo gihe Leta y’u Rwanda yareze Leta ya Uganda ko yafashaga izo ngabo, akaba ariyo mpamvu, ibihugu nk’Ubufaransa, Ububirigi na Zayire byohereje ingabo zo gufasha Habyarimana bityo agenda yisubiza uduce twari twarigaruriwe na FPR-Inkotanyi.

Muri icyo gihe kandi, mu gihugu hari ukutumvikana muri politiki kuko Habyarimana yasabwaga ko yakwemera politiki y’amashyaka menshi. Muri Kamena 1991, yaremeye ashyiraho itegeko-nshinga ryemerera amashyaka menshi. Ku bwibyo rero, nyuma kandi yo gusaba gushyiraho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho ariko ntibikunde; mu mpera za 1991, hashyizweho Guverinoma ihuriweho na MRND ndetse n’amashyaka ane ataravugaga rumwe n’ubutegetse ariyo MDR ivuguruye, Ishyaka riharanira Demokarasi mu gikristu (PDC), Ishyaka riharanira Ukwishyira ukizana (PL), n’Ishyaka riharanira demokarasi n’imibereho myiza (PSD).

Ikindi kandi, bisabwe n’ibihugu byo mu karere n’amahanga, imirwano yarahagaze hagati y’ingabo za FPR-Inkotanyi na Habyarimana hanyuma hatangizwa inzira y’imishyikirano. Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yari imaze kujyaho yahise itangira imishyikirano na FPR-Inkotanyi.

Imishyikirano ya mbere yabaye muri Kamena 1992 i Paris ndetse no muri Nyakanga i Arusha. Muri iyo mishyikirano hasinywe amasezeraho yavugaga ko imirwano igomba guhagarara mu mpera za Nyakanga, hagashyirwaho n’umutwe w’ingabo (GOM) ushinzwe kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’ayo masezerano, uwo mutwe wagombaga kuba ugizwe n’ingabo zihagarariye impande zombi ndetse n’ingabo ziturutse mu bihugu bya Nigeria, Mali, Senegal na Zimbabwe.

Ariko kandi, imishyikirano yakurikiyeho yabereye muri Tanzaniya muri Kanama, Nzeri n’Ukwakira yananiwe gukemura ibibazo byari bihari aribyo:

- Gushyiraho akarere katavogerwa (zone turquoise) hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’iza FPR;

- Kuvanga ingabo za FPR n’iza Leta bityo bigakora ingabo z’igihugu;

- Gucyura impunzi; ndetse no gushyira FPR muri Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho no mu nteko ishinga amategeko.

Muri Gashyantare 1993, Impagarara zarubuye mu gihugu nyuma yo guhagarika imishyikirano, ibi bikaba byarakurikiwe no gushotorana ku mpande zombi. Ku bw’ibyo, abantu amagana bahungiye mu bihugu bidukikije bitewe n’iyubura ry’imirwano.

Muri Gicurasi 1993, hatewe intambwe igaragara hagati ya FPR na Leta y’u Rwanda, ubwo humvikanwagaho gahunda yo gusezerera no kuvanga ingabo z’impande zombi.

Muri Kanama 1993 nibwo hasinywe amasezerano yo kuvanga ingabo za FPR n’iza Leta y’u Rwanda.

Kuwa 10, Nzeri hemejwe ko hajyaho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho izayoborwa na Minisitiri w’intebe ariko amatora rusange ahuriweho n’amashyaka menshi akazaba nyuma y’amezi 22.

Muri Kamena, Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe Umutekano kemeje ishyirwaho ry’Ingabo z’umuryango w’Abibumbye (UNAMIR) zishinzwe kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano y’amahoro.

Nyamara Guverinoma ya Habyarimana yananiwe gushyiraho Guverinoma y’Inzibacyuho mu gihe cyagenwe bityo bitera impagarara n’urwikekwe.

Kuwa 5 Mutarama, Habyarimana yarahiriye kuba Perezida wa Guverinoma y’Inzibacyuho mu gihe cy’amezi 22 nk’uko byateganywaga n’amasezerano ya Arusha ariko abandi bagize inzibacyuho badahari. Ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho n’inteko ishinga amategeko naryo ryari riteganyijwe uwo munsi, ryo ryigijweyo bitewe nuko hari hakiri ikibazo mu rutonde rw’abaminisitiri b’amashyaka atavuga rumwe rwari rwagejejwe kuri Habyarimana. Jenoside Kuwa 6 Mata, 1994, Indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana yarahanuwe ubwo yiteguraga kugwa, akaba yari avuye i Dar el salaam, muri Tanzania aho yari yagiye gukurikirana inama y’abakuru b’ibihugu byo mu karere.

Haracyari impaka nyinshi ku waba yarahanuye iriya ndege. Abantu bavuga ibitandukanye ku cyaba cyarateye iriya mpanuka itunguranye y’indege y’umukuru w’igihugu. Ibyo ari byo byose nta gushidikanya ko itsembabwoko ryari ryarateguwe mbere.

Lemarchanda yagize icyo avuga ku ihanuka ry’iriya ndege. Yaragize ati:

Birashoboka ko uwarashe igisasu cyahanuye indege ya Habyarimana atazamenyekana, kimwe n’uwategetse ihanurwa ry’iriya ndege. Ariko biragaragaza ko icyari kigamijwe kwari ugukoma imbarutso kugira ngo hashyirwe mu bikorwa umugambi wari warateguwe.

Ubwicanyi bwakurikiyeho bwabaye ubwa mbere bukabije mu mateka y’ikiremwamuntu. Mu gihe kitageze ku mezi atatu gusa, miliyoni yabantu yari imaze kwicwa urwagashinyaguro, ibihumbi by’abagore n’abakobwa bafashwe ku ngufu, barangijwe by’indengakamere, abagore batwite babakuyemo inda ngo barebe uko urusoro rw’umututsi rusa.

Nyuma ya jenoside

Nyuma ya jenoside, hashyizweho Guverinoma y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda, ndetse n’inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho ihuriweho n’amashyaka yose ukuyemo MRND na CDR kuko yateguye kandi akarebera ubwicanyi.

Muri Nyakanga 1994, Inteko ishinga amategeko yinzibacyuho yemeje ko amasezerano ya Arusha ariyo ishingiyeho uretse impinduka nke.

Muri Kanama na Nzeri 2003 habaye amatora ya Perezida wa Repubulika n’ay’abadepite, aho Perezida Paul Kagame n’ishyaka rye FPR begukanye intsinzi idasubirwaho.

Question about geographical names

Can anyone translate to Kinyarwanda geographical names listed below? Aotearoa 11:32, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

• Lake Kivu
• African Great Lakes (Grands Lacs d’Afrique)
• East African Plateau (Plateaux d’Afrique de l’Est; Plateaux de l’Afrique orientale)
• Virunga Mountains (Montagnes des Virunga)
• Western Rift Valley (Rift albertin; Rift occidental)
• Volcanoes National Park (Parc National des Volcans)

Abahutu

Can anybody explain why in this encyclopedia there are articles on Abatwa and Abatutsi, but not on Abahutu?? -- Aflis (talk) 15:44, 3 October 2012 (UTC)