Icyo gukora cy'ibanze

Mbere na mbere ugomba kuhindura intwaramakuru (template) mu Kinyarwanda. After that or in parallel, some initial articles can be written. As for the beginning, they can be english/french articles to be translated. That will be easier than starting from scratch. I will try to include some articles and structures for you to translate them. Nosoccomtothom 10:52, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations!

Congratulations for YOUR own WP. I'm from Germany and I try to be your key for the rest of the world in any kind of WP-things. I do not speak your language. but I learn very swiftly. Contact me on my Discussion-site. -- Joschy 15:56, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Please do everything slowly!

On evrey WP there is a chaos. In the German WP there is an chaos in the Categories. I give you one hint. Think about each Category. Is the new Cat. really needed or could we do the article ointo an existing Cat. (Cat means Category ;) ). Do it from the beginning then you do not have these problems in the future and so you can conzentrate on more important things -> articles :) -- Joschy 16:11, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Abacungarubuga

Are there at least one Admin? If there is none I would arrange a election. The eletion will be here: Wikipediya:Umucungarubuga. -- Joschy 16:17, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

If there is another word for "Administrator" in the Kinyarwanda-language we can switch the name very quick. -- Joschy 18:49, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Vize işlemleri vize Başvurusu Vize Almak ROMANYA VİZESİ Romanya vize başvurusu Romanya vizesi Romanya vize işlemleri Almanya vizesi Almanya vizesi Almanya vize işlemleri En hızlı vize başvurularınızda şüphesiz tek yardımcınız vize sitesi Vize Moldovya Moldova otel rezervasyonu Moldovya uçak bileti Moldova vizesi Moldova vize işlemleri ve vize başvurusu yapabileceğiniz Hızlı vize Hızlı vize başvurusu Vize Forum Vize forum İspanya Vizesi İspanya Vizesi Vize işlemleri Vize işlemleri Fransa Vizesi Fransa Vizesi Almanya Vizesi Almanya Vizesi

Ticari Vize Ticari Vize Almanya Vize işlemleri Almanya Vize işlemleri

yardımlaşma ve vize danışmanlık belge ve evrakları forumu.

BotMultichill

Hi, i request a bot bit for BotMultichill.

Botmaster : Multichill
Bot's name : BotMultichill
List of botflags on others wikipedias: about 100+ atm (see meta:User:Multichill for the current list)
Purpose: Interwiki (pywikipedia)
Technical details : BotMultichill is an interwiki bot starting at the Dutch wikipedia. The bot uses the pywikipedia framework and runs day and night in autonomous mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts. Multichill 15:48, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

AlleborgoBot

Hi, i request a bot flag for AlleborgoBot

Operator: Alleborgo
Automatic or Manually Assisted: Automatic, in "-autonomous" mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts.
Programming Language(s): Pywikipedia framework daily updated to the last SVN version
Function Summary: interwiki
Already has a bot flag in: ar, am, an, ast, az, bar, bat-smg, bg, br, bn, bpy, bs, ca, ceb, cs, cv, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fr, frp, fy, ga, gl, he, hr, hsb, ht, hu, hy, id, is, it, iu, ja, jv, ka, kk, ksh, ku, lb, li, lmo, ln, lt, lv, mk, mi, ml, mr, ms, mt, nap, nds, nds-nl, nl, nn, no, pl, pms, ps, pt, ro, roa-tara, ru, sco, sh, sk, simple, sl, sq, sr, su, sv, ta, tg, th, to, tr, tt, uk, ur, vec, vi, vls, vo, zh, zh-classical, zh-min-nan, zh-yue. On it.wiki has done more than 65000 edit.

Thanks --AlleborgoBot 16:08, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Template:Languages

Hello, I'm Italian and I have created Template:Languages (wikipedia in other languages). I don't speak your language. If any Kinyarwanda wikipedia user can traslate template in Kinyarwanda, i can create the other wikimedia projets template. This template is my gift to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia.

Bonjour, je suis italienne et j'ai crée le Template:Languages (wikipedia in other languages/wikipédia en autres langues). Je ne parle pas votre langue. Si il y a un usager de Wikipédia qui parle Kinyarwanda et qui peut traduire le template, je peut créer ainsi le template "outres projets de wikimedia". Ce template est mon cadeau à la Wikipédia en Kinyarwanda.

--62.13.168.67 17:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Hello, thanks for thinking about Kinyarwanda WIKI. I am ready to go on with the Wikipedia translation. Please contact me at emmahab@yahoo.fr

Bot Status for Purbo_T

Hi, I'd like to request a bot flag for Purbo_T (contributions)

Operator: User:Purodha = ksh:User:Purodha (b'crat @ ksh)
Function: interwiki link maintenance
Operation: manually-assisted mode, occasionally in automatic or autonomous mode, starting mostly from the Wikipedia of Ripuarian languages
Software: pywikipediabot framework updated daily from svn to latest version
Already has bot flag on: aa, am, ar, be-x-old, bn, bo, bug, bxr, cdo, co, crh, de, dsb, dz, ee, eo, fa, fi,fj, fr, gv, hr, hsb, ht, ig, is, ja, jbo, ksh, ku, kv, lbe, lg, lmo, lo,lt, ml, mr, nds, new, nl, nn, nov, or, os, pms, simple, stq, sv, tg, to, ts, ty, vec, vi, vls, vo, yi, za, zea, zh-classical, more pending.
Generally, there is cumulated data on the bot (sorry, due to current technical problems at the toolserver, the data is partially not up to date, and may be inaccessible for short periods of time)

Thank you! --Purodha Blissenbach 11:40, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Request bot flag for Alexbot

I request the bot flag for Alexbot:

Operator:zh:User:Alexsh

Programming Language:Pywikipedia SVN

Functions:Interwiki(+autonomous), double redirect fix, featured article interwiki link.

Other languages:All statistics in here

Thank you--Alexsh 12:25, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

SieBot

Hi, I request a bot bit for SieBot.

Botmaster : Siebrand
Bot's name : SieBot
List of botflags on others Wikipedias: Almost every Wikipedia (some 25 missing). See current list of user status and edits
Purpose: Interwiki (pywikipedia)
Technical details : SieBot is an interwiki bot starting at any Wikipedia. The bot uses the pywikipedia framework and runs day and night in autonomous mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts. It has made over 5 million edits since it started. Siebrand 22:41, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Synthebot

Dear all, this is to request a bot flag for Synthebot. Its technical information is summarized below.

Operator: Julian Mendez
Automatic or Manually Assisted: mostly automatic in autonomous mode; sometimes manually assisted to solve interwiki conflicts
Programming Language(s): pywikipedia (source code)
Function Summary: interwiki links
Already has a bot flag on: global bot running on more than 200 wikipedias.

Further technical information is available on its main page. Thank you in advance. Regards, --Julian 18:05, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Bot policy

Hello. To facilitate steward granting of bot access, I suggest implementing the standard bot policy on this wiki. In particular, this policy allows stewards to automatically flag known interlanguage linking bots (if this page says that is acceptable), which form the vast majority of such requests. The policy also enables global bots on this wiki (if this page says that is acceptable), which are trusted bots that will be given bot access on every wiki that allows global bots.

This policy makes bot access requesting much easier for local users, operators, and stewards. To implement it we only need to create a redirect to this page from Project:Bot policy, and add a line at the top noting that it is used here. Please read the text at m:Bot policy before commenting. If you object, please say so; I hope to implement in one week if there is no objection, since it is particularly written to streamline bot requests on wikis with little or no community interested in bot access requests. --Luckas Blade 15:25, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Small request

Hello! I am a Polish wikipedian and I would like to ask you for your help - writing a new article about former Polish President who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 – Lech Wałęsa. I have looked for his biography in your Wikipedia but without success. Polish Wikipedians will be grateful for your help. Thank you so much in advance! PS you can find the English version of the article here. Best wishes from Poland, Patrol110 16:58, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

connectivity project

Hallo, my name is Anastasiya Lvova, I'm "duty" in Connectivity project. The essence of the "Connectivity" project is to study and enhance the coherence of Wikipedia, or, in other words, to improve hypertext navigation between articles. The project deals with deadends, isolated articles, non-categorized articles, transitivity of the category tree, etc.

We want to work with your language version, but we need configured MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage for it (with direct links to template namespace pages, for example, ru:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage/de:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage/fr:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage). Is it possible to set it up for our usage?

thanks in advance, Lvova 18:04, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Adminship for Kmoksy

Kmoksy is now sysop for three months. -- Quentinv57 17:47, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Since there were no objections here (nor any agreements), I have granted sysop for three months. - Andre Engels 21:45, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Article request

Would someone be interested in starting an article about en:RwandAir? WhisperToMe 07:36, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Also:

WhisperToMe 22:21, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Are there any users who can translate these articles? PiRSquared17 (talk) 19:31, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Inyandikorugero:Ping are you interested in trying any of these? WhisperToMe (talk) 17:42, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

Leave

I would resign and leave. --Kmoksy 10:47, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Enquiry

Hello Kmoksy, I hope you are doing, I have been trying to improve what I can on this WP, but in most cases I am limited to what I can edit ,and would wish to create new categories and templates which are among those missing on this WP, being a native speaker of Kinyarwanda being an admin can help in monitoring this Wp which needs improvements, Just inquiring what I takes,,, Thanks for the efforts to improve this WP.. Ndahiro derrick (talk) 13:17, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

Translations

I noticed that while all the other articles are in Kinyarwanda the menus on the side and on the top are still in English. Here's what you could translate for the menu items (and their URLs as a consequence):

Main menu

Main page - Intangiriro
Community portal - Irembo y'isangano
Current events - Ibigezweho
Recent changes - Ibiherutse guhindurwa
Random page - Njyana aho ariho hose (Literally take me anywhere; no specific word meaning "random" in Kinyarwanda)
Help - Ibisobanuro
Donate - Gira icyo utanga
Toolbox - Ibikoresho
What links here - Icyo kiherekeza hano
Related changes - Ibihindutse kubyerekeye uru rwandiko
Upload file - Bika idosiye hano
Special pages - Inyandiko zidasanzwe
Search - Shakisha

Article

Page - Inyandiko
User page - Inyandiko ya umukoresha
Discussion - Ikiganiro
Read - Soma
Edit - Hindura
View history - Reba amateka
Move - Imura

Log in - Injira
Log out - Sohoka
My talk - Ibiganiro byanjye
My preferences - Ibyo mpitamo
My watchlist - Inyandiko nkurikirana
My contributions - Inkunga yanjye

Prefixes

Talk: - Ikiganiro:
User: - Umukoresha:
User talk: - Ikiganiro cya umukoresha:
Category: - Icyiciro:
Special: - Ibidasanzwe:
Template: - Urugero:
Help: - Ibisobanuro:
File: - Idosiye:
Image: - Ishusho:
Portal: - Irembo:

Hope this helped. Davykamanzi (ikiganiro) 19:02, 6 gicurasi 2012 (UTC)

I need some more prefixes (Media:, Wikipedia talk:, File talk:, MediaWiki talk:, Template talk:, Help talk: and Category talk:) Regards, Vogone (SWMT) 21:32, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

File talk is probably Ikiganiro cya dosiye, Template talk Ikiganiro cya urugero, MediaWiki talk Ikiganiro cya MediaWiki, etc., but this is just a guess. PiRSquared17 (talk) 14:57, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

For the prefixes you've asked for Sir Vogone:

Media: - Can't really get my head around this one. Maybe you can still use "Idosiye:".
Wikipedia talk: - Ikiganiro cya Wikipedia
File talk: - Ikiganiro cya idosiye
MediaWiki talk: - Ikiganiro cya MediaWiki
Template talk: - Ikiganiro cya urugero
Help talk: - Ikiganiro cya ibisobanuro
Category talk: - Ikiganiro cya icyiciro

And for the times in the user talk signatures (grammatically months shouldn't be capitalised there but here I have to):

January - Mutarama
February - Gashyantare
March - Werurwe
April - Mata
May - Gicurasi
June - Kanema
July - Nyakanga
August - Kanama
September - Nzeri
October' - Ukwakira
November - Ugushyingo
December - Ukuboza

I also corrected some of the translations I had initially posted above. Regards, Davykamanzi → ikiganiro • inkunga 18:09, 16 mutarama 2014 (UTC)

Namespaces

I made and/or corrected translations for the namespaces on TranslateWiki a few days ago but they're not taking any effect here. Am I supposed to wait for some time or...? Davykamanzi → uruganiriro • inkunga 14:36, 4 gicurasi 2014 (UTC)

Accomodating both English speakers and French speakers

This Wikipedia should take steps to accomodate both English speakers and French speakers:

External links, if unavailable in Kinyarwanda, should have both English and French versions linked
- In case of Rwandan government agencies, universities, schools, etc., use the http://wayback.archive.org Wayback Machine to find earlier French versions of pages. Link to the current English version and to the historical French version
When displaying maps/diagrams/etc. that are unavailable in Kinyarwanda but are available in both English and French, display the English version but provide a wikilink to the French version

WhisperToMe (talk) 11:16, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Content Translation tool announcement: Machine translation support through Google Translate enabled for Kinyarwanda

Recently Google announced the availability of 5 more languages on Google Translate. This allows us to add machine translation support for Kinyarwanda on the Content Translation tool. As part of ongoing maintenance, this has now been enabled, and you can use it while translating Wikipedia articles into Kinyarwanda.

Please note, machine translation is an optional feature in Content Translation, and translators choose the best options for the content that they are translating. We strongly recommend that you read through the Help documents to get familiar with the process of using machine translation with Content Translation and the measures that exist to preserve the quality of machine-translated text through reviews and restrictions. If you have any feedback or questions, please do not hesitate to contact us through the Content Translation Project talk page, or on Phabricator ticket number 246319.

This message is written in English. Please help us translate it for the benefit of other users of this Wikipedia.

Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --Amir E. Aharoni (WMF) (talk) 19:07, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Improving the translation support for Kinyarwanda Wikipedia

Hello!

Apologies as this message is not in your native language, Please help translate to your language.

Content translation has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with the potential to grow using translation as part of a new initiative.

Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content, preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch.

Kinyarwanda Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create more than one hundred articles. We think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia and support new ways to translate.

As a first step, during the next weeks, we plan to enable Content translation by default on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool through several entry points. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences.

Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread.

Thanks!

UOzurumba (WMF) (talk) 09:53, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Comments

hello UOzurumba (WMF),Thanks a lot for the updates, but as a reminder the auto generated translations results in the creation of sentences that do not add up(make sensible) sentences in Kinyarwanda.(forgive my choice of words ,If I was to write in Kinyarwanda ,It would have been better.....would you advise us the native kinyarwanda speakers to come with an initiative to translate existing EN wp article and other language articles to Kinyarwanda manually? Ndahiro derrick (talk) 13:32, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

Hello Ndahiro derrick,

Thank you for your feedback. I do understand your problems with the integrated machine translation service not being accurate. However, you can decide to :start your translation in Content Translation with an empty paragraph. You can find the "Start with an empty paragraph" option on the right panel, where :you have the "initial translation" dropdown.

Having said the above, I will encourage your community to keep using the Machine Translation integrated services if you can, because publishing a corrected translation with the tool helps translation services improve by exposing all the translation corrections through an API and data dumps which the service provider can use to improve the existing services. In addition, some of the translation services provide specific ways you can make their project better to serve your community.

Once again, thank you for your feedback, and you can continue to provide feedback about the Content Translation tool to make it better.

UOzurumba (WMF) (talk) 15:52, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Admin request: Update to main page formatting

@User:Minorax and User:Kmoksy: I've been working on an updated version of the front page at the test page Intangiriro/ikizamini.

I've been speaking to user:Ndahiro derrick who suggested that it is ready to mvoe to the main page. Since I am not an administrator on this wiki, could one of you do the copypaste to move it:

Copy the text at Intangiriro/ikizamini and paste it over to Intangiriro
the second line of that page will also need to be changed to <templatestyles src="Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css"/>
Copy the text at Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css and paste it to Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/styles.css

Thanks in advance! Evolution and evolvability (talk) 06:42, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

@User:Evolution and evolvability Just to confirm, Intangiriro/ikizamini overwrites Intangiriro and the styles.css is a simple move? --Minorax (talk) 12:27, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

@User:Minorax Correct. Thanks for checking. Evolution and evolvability (talk) 14:37, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

@User:Evolution and evolvability should be done now. Kindly check. --Minorax (talk) 02:33, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

@User:Minorax: That looks like it's all working. Thank you! @user:Ndahiro derrick Let me know if there are any misspellings or other errors. Evolution and evolvability (talk) 06:27, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

2021 Voting Opens

Voting for the 2021 Board of Trustees election is now open. Candidates from the community were asked to submit their candidacy. After a three week long Call for Candidates, there are 19 candidates for the 2021 election.

The Wikimedia movement has the opportunity to vote for the selection of community-and-affiliate trustees. By voting, you will help to identify those people who have the qualities to best serve the needs of the movement for the next several years. The Board is expected to select the four most voted candidates to serve as trustees. Voting closes 31 August 2021.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. The Board wants to improve their competences and diversity as a team. They have shared the areas of expertise that they are currently missing and hope to cover with new trustees.

Learn more about candidates. Learn about the Board of Trustees. Vote.

Read the full announcement.

Best, Zuz (WMF) (talk) 17:16, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guideline reviews

The Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee would like comments about the enforcement draft guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC). This review period is planned for 17 August 2021 through 17 October 2021.

These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. The committee will revise the guidelines based upon community input.

Comments can be shared in any language on the draft review talk page and multiple other venues. Community members are encouraged to organize conversations in their communities.

There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines:

Wikimania 2021 session - 16 August @ 11:00 UTC - 11:45 UTC

Conversation hours - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC

Roundtable calls - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC Summaries of discussions will be posted every two weeks here.

Please let me know if you have any questions. Best, Zuz (WMF) (talk) 17:43, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Movement Charter Drafting Committee - Community Elections to take place October 11 - 24

This is a short message with an update from the Movement Charter process. The call for candidates for the Drafting Committee closed September 14, and we got a diverse range of candidates. The committee will consist of 15 members, and those will be (s)elected via three different ways.

The 15 member committee will be selected with a 3-step process:

Election process for project communities to elect 7 members of the committee.
Selection process for affiliates to select 6 members of the committee.
Wikimedia Foundation process to appoint 2 members of the committee.

The community elections will take place between October 11 and October 24. The other process will take place in parallel, so that all processes will be concluded by November 1.

We are very happy about the wide range of diverse Wikimedians that are running for the election and selection processes for the drafting committee of the Movement Charter! As the number of candidates is quite large and thus informing yourself about them might be a bit more complicated, we want to try something different this time: We want to organize a so-called “Voting Advice Application (or “Election Compass) with statements related to the Movement Charter. All candidates can propose their statements here.

For the full context of the Movement Charter, its role, as well the process for its creation, please have a look at Meta. You can also contact us at any time on Telegram or via email (wikimedia2030@wikimedia.org). Best, Zuz (WMF) (talk) 10:53, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans

Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply here.

Also, the Movement Charter Drafting Committee election is still ongoing. It would be great to increase community participation. If you haven't voted now is the time. Please vote here before October 24. Regards, Zuz (WMF) (talk) 15:46, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

The Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022.

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

There are two confirmed questions that will be asked during this Call for Feedback:

What is the best way to ensure more diverse representation among elected candidates? The Board of Trustees noted the importance of selecting candidates who represent the full diversity of the Wikimedia movement. The current processes have favored volunteers from North America and Europe.
What are the expectations for the candidates during the election? Board candidates have traditionally completed applications and answered community questions. How can an election provide appropriate insight into candidates while also appreciating candidates’ status as volunteers?

There is one additional question that may be presented during the Call about selection processes. This question is still under discussion, but the Board wanted to give insight into the confirmed questions as soon as possible. Hopefully if an additional question is going to be asked, it will be ready during the first week of the Call for Feedback.

Join the conversation.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance, Zuz (WMF) (talk) 09:48, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia: Admin request

Latest comment: 2 years ago5 comments5 people in discussion

hello User:Minorax and User:Kmoksy:

I would like to be granted the administrative rights on the rw Wikipedia. My native language is Kinyarwanda. I understand Wikipedia policies, and I would like to be granted this right so as to be able to effectively ad deliberately maintain rw Wikipedia.

I've made over 2000 contributions to both English and rw Wikipedia and have trained more than 40 newbies who are active contributors as of May.2022.

Given this right, my contributions will extend but are not limited to : cleaning backlog, protecting pages, dealing with disputes, maintaining content, creating project pages and categories, and provision of quick and understandable feedback to newbies.

Currently, there is a lack of regular administrator Maintainance of rw Wikipedia, which has led to multiple Wikipedia policy violations.

Hoping my request will be considered.Ndahiro derrick (talk)

Just a comment: you are not supposed to ask Minorax and Kmoksy about this. They are users from other wikis. The most important responses here are supposed to be from other editors in the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 16:37, 9 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)Reply

(+) Support

supportBirakwiyeko tugira umucungarubuga rwa Wikipedia mu Ikinyarwanda kuko usanga haramakosa abarimo ntibayakosore kuko abacunga urubuga bashobora kuba batumvaneza ikinyarwanda byabari byiza mugihe twagira umuyobozi wurubuga nukuvuga ngo birakwiye ko Ndahiro Derrick yaba Admin nubusa twasabaga.
supportit will be our pleasure to have an administrator who knows very well kinyarwanda language both written and speaking so that he may collect easily and effectivelyBold text the mistakes which appear in more articles on wikipedia kinyarwanda. I support Derrick because he is able, smart and always courgeous. Giseletuy (talk)
support we are very kindly appreciating for having Wikipedia in Kinyarwanda language because it help our community for being served with many article in Kinyarwanda and it increase Wikipedia users. that is why we are asking for support of having system Administrator who knows Kinyarwanda for collecting some mistakes found in same articles on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. And i Believe that Derrick will serve it professionally. thank youNishimirwe (talk)
supportThere are so many Mistakes in Kinyarwanda Articles. We hope you can understand us on this inquiry due to language barriers.Rosine Igirimpuhwe (talk)
supportHere we need your contribution to correct some mistakes made in the kinyarwanda articles. In this regard we wish to have admin who will be responsible to correct that mistakesEndikuemmy (talk)
support the best thing which can happen to Kinyarwanda Users or rw.Wikipedia.org consumers is having an admin who can correct and verify the articles regularly before it reaches in article space. Derrick is a Rwandan, he loves sharing free knowledge, he understand the target of movement than any other volunteer I know so he is a perfect choice.MrTallBoy (talk) 22:30, 18 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)Reply
support ,Ningombwa kandi birakwiye ko Wikipedia yacu igira umuyobozi wunvaneza urururimi rwacu for that reason I believe that Derrick Ndahiro deserves that privilege to Admin Kinyarwanda Wikipedia together we can make difference and help to correct some mistakes on rw.wikipedia.org.~*support Germain92. community user group Rwanda --Germain92 (talk) 09:15, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)Reply
support Wikimedia Rwanda needs a Kinyarwanda language administrator, I support Ndahiro Derrick for being an administrator who understands those responsibilities. .Nkurudeo (talk)

support Having an admin from Rwanda who well understand Kinyarwanda (all vocabulary, ...) to rw.Wikipedia.org it is really a big pleasure, I wish to Support Ndahiro Derrick, he is a Rwanda, speaks well Kinyarwanda and I know that he has the full capacity to take Kinyarwanda's admin responsibilities because he has a lot of vocabulary, hardiworking one, best editor, ..., I am sure that supporting him is the greatest thing I can't regreat. Cnyirahabihirwe123 (talk) 14:05, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)Reply

support I support the idea of having WP Kinyarwanda admins to improve the quality of articles and Ndahiro derrick has been doing a good job, thus giving him admin rights would be a great steps for the Kinyarwanda speaking community. Mrbobax (talk) 11:12, 2 Kamena 2022 (UTC)Reply

(-) Oppose

(0) Neutral

Gusaba kugirwa Umucungarubuga

MurahoUser:Minorax naUser:Kmoksy: Nifuzaga kugirwa umucungarubuga kuri wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwanjye kavukire ,kandi nkivuga ndetse nkanacyandika neza. Nsobanukiwe amategeko agenga urubuga rwa wikipediya,bityo mpawe uburenganzira bwo kuba umucungarubuga ,byatuma imikoreshereze ya wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda irushaho kuba mwiza ndetse n'inyandindiko zandikwaho zikagira ireme birushijeho.

Manze kwandika inyandiko zirenga 2000 kuei wikipediya y'icyongereza ndetse n'ikinyarwanda,kandi nanahuguye abandi barenga 40 uko bikorwa ndetse bamwe muri bo ubu ni abakoresha bahoraho ba wikipediya mu ndimi zitandukanye.

Nimpabwa uburenganzira bwo kuba umucungarubuga zakora byinshi bitandukanye harimo: kurinda inyandiko zisanzwe zanditse kuri urubuga,inshya zizandikwaho ndetse no guhugura abanditsi bashya hagamijwe kwirinda kwica amahamwe agenda wikipediya ndetse no gukemura kutumvikana bishobora kuba hagati y'abanditsi uko ari kwose kandi zafatanya n'abandi muri ibi bikorwa.

Kuri ubu, ntago gucunga uru rubuga bikorwa mu buryo buhoraho, bityo hari amahame agenga urubuga rwa wikipediya adakurizwa rimwe na rimwe bityo ugansaga ,urubugu ruriho inyandiko zifite imwandikire itariyo cyangwa hari n'inyandiko zitujuje amabwiriza y'imwandikire yemewe mu rurimi rw'ikinyarwanda.

Ndizerako ubusabawe buzasubizwa,MURAKOZE. Ndahiro derrick (talk)

Common.css/.js

Latest comment: 2 years ago2 comments2 people in discussion

Greats, I asking in hope common.css and common.js could be added to MediyaWiki for use of Infobox, Navbox and other useful tools (such as use of flatlist, etc....).

The main two I think are need added are MediyaWiki:Common.css, MediyaWiki:Common.js. It seems common.css was deleted in 2007, and common.js was never added. Both can be found on en or sw wikis. (en.WP links en:MediaWiki:Common.css, en:MediaWiki:Common.js). Or Swahili if you prefer, or as reference, can be found on Sw.WP MediaWiki: [1]https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:KurasaZote?from=&to=&namespace=8. Thank you. BevoLJ (talk) 04:34, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)Reply

well noted , i will look into it shortly,Thanks a lot ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ (talk) 11:29, 4 Kamena 2022 (UTC)Reply

UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU

bwa muntu ni amahame mbwirizamuco cyangwa amahame [1] ku mahame amwe y’imyitwarire ya muntu kandi akingirwa buri gihe mu mategeko y’amakomine n’amahanga. [2] umuntu asanzwe afite uburenganzira kubera gusa ko ari ikiremwa muntu "[4] kandi" kikaba kavukire mu bantu bose ", [5] hatitawe ku myaka yabo, inkomoko yabo, aho batuye, ururimi, idini, ubwoko, cyangwa ikindi icyo ari cyo cyose imiterere. [3] Zirakoreshwa ahantu hose kandi igihe cyose muburyo bwo kuba rusange, [1] kandi barangana muburyo bwo kuba bamwe kuri bose. Bafatwa nk'ibisaba kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi no kugendera ku mategeko [6] no gushyiraho inshingano ku bantu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abandi, [1] [3] kandi muri rusange bifatwa ko batagomba gukurwaho keretse ari ingaruka. y'ibikorwa bikwiye hashingiwe ku bihe byihariye. [3]

Inyigisho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagize uruhare runini mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’inzego z’isi ndetse n’akarere. Ibikorwa byakozwe na leta nimiryango itegamiye kuri leta bigize ishingiro rya politiki rusange kwisi yose. Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyerekana ko "niba disikuru rusange y’umuryango w’amahoro ku isi yose ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite imvugo imwe, ni iy'uburenganzira bwa muntu". [7] uburenganzira bwa muntu bukomeje gutera gushidikanya no kujya impaka ku bikubiyemo, imiterere n’impamvu z’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza na nubu. Ibisobanuro nyabyo by'ijambo uburenganzira ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi ni byo bikomeje kugibwaho impaka zishingiye kuri filozofiya; [8] , kurinda ubucakara, kubuza jenoside, kuvuga mu bwisanzure [9] cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga, hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bumwe bwihariye bugomba gushyirwa mu rwego rusange rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu; [1] bamwe mu batekereza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kuba byibuze bisabwa kugirango wirinde ihohoterwa rikabije-mu gihe abandi babibona nk'urwego rwo hejuru. [1] Byaganiriweho kandi ko uburenganzira bwa muntu "butangwa n'Imana", nubwo iki gitekerezo cyanenzwe.

Byinshi mu bitekerezo by’ibanze byerekanaga umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byateye imbere nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose hamwe n’ibyabaye kuri jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi, [6] bikarangira hamenyekanye Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Paris n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye muri 1948. [12] Abantu ba kera ntibari bafite imyumvire imwe yo muri iki gihe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi hose. [13] mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi hamwe nabafilozofe nka John Locke, Francis Hutcheson na Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui kandi byagaragaye cyane muri disikuru ya politiki ya Revolution y'Abanyamerika na Revolution y'Abafaransa. [6] Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20, [14] intege nke kandi nkibisabwa kugirango umuryango utabera. Guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byakomeje mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, bishingiye ku kugera ku bwisanzure mu bukungu no mu bya politiki.

Amateka

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amateka yuburenganzira bwa muntu

Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ryemejwe na Kongere y’umugabane wa 4 Nyakanga 1776

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyabayeho mu bihe bya kera na mbere y’iki gihe, nubwo abantu ba kera batatekerezaga ku burenganzira bwa muntu ku isi nk'uko abantu babibona muri iki gihe. [13]

Intangiriro nyayo y’ibiganiro by’uburenganzira bwa muntu yari igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwagaragaye nkimwe mu migenzo gakondo y’amategeko yo hagati. Uyu muco watewe cyane cyane n’inyandiko z’abakristu ba mbere ba St Paul nka St Hilary wa Poitiers, St Ambrose, na St Augustine. Agusitini yari mu ba mbere basuzumye ubuzimagatozi bw’amategeko y’umuntu, akagerageza gusobanura imipaka y’amategeko n’uburenganzira bibaho bisanzwe bishingiye ku bwenge n’umutimanama, aho gushyirwaho ku bushake n’abantu buntu, kandi niba abantu bategekwa kubahiriza amategeko. ibyo birenganya.

Uyu muco wo mu gihe cyo hagati wagaragaye cyane mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi. Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20. [14]

Magna Carta ni igitabo cy’icyongereza cyatanzwe mbere mu 1215 cyagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’amategeko rusange ndetse n’inyandiko nyinshi z’itegeko nshinga nyuma zijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’icyongereza 1689, 1789 Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hamwe n’umushinga w’uburenganzira bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika 1791.

Mu kinyejana cya 17, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ubwongereza John Locke yaganiriye ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye, avuga ko ari "ubuzima, umudendezo, n’umutungo (umutungo)", anavuga ko ubwo burenganzira bw’ibanze budashobora gutangwa mu masezerano y’imibereho. Mu Bwongereza mu 1689, umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’Ubwongereza hamwe n’ikirego cy’uburenganzira bwa Ecosse buri wese yakoze ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukandamiza leta, bitemewe. Impinduramatwara ebyiri zikomeye zabaye mu kinyejana cya 18, muri Amerika (1776) no mu Bufaransa (1789), bituma Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ndetse n’itangazwa ry’Ubufaransa ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage, byombi bikaba byavuzwe. uburenganzira bwa muntu. Byongeye kandi, Itangazo ry’Uburenganzira bwa Virijiniya ryo mu 1776 ryashyizwe mu mategeko uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure bw’abaturage.

Dufashe uku kuri kugira ngo kwigaragaze, ko abantu bose baremwe kimwe, ko bahawe n'Umuremyi wabo uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe budasubirwaho, ko muri ibyo harimo Ubuzima, Ubwisanzure no gukurikirana Ibyishimo.

- Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge muri Amerika, 1776

1800 kugeza mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose

Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwenegihugu byemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubufaransa, 26 Kanama 1789.

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Abafilozofe nka Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, na Hegel baguye ku nsanganyamatsiko ya bose mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Mu 1831, William Lloyd Garrison yanditse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa The Liberator ko yagerageje kwandikisha abasomyi be "impamvu ikomeye iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu", [19] bityo ijambo uburenganzira bwa muntu rishobora kuba ryaratangiye gukoreshwa hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwa Paine. n'igitabo cya Garrison. Mu 1849, umuntu wo mu gihe kimwe, Henry David Thoreau, yanditse ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nshingano yo kutumvira kw'abaturage nyuma yaje kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no ku batekereza ku burenganzira bwa muntu. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, David Davis, mu gitekerezo cye cyo mu 1867 kuri Ex Parte Milligan, yaranditse ati "Mu rwego rwo kurinda amategeko, uburenganzira bwa muntu burabungabungwa; kuvanaho ubwo burinzi kandi bababajwe n'abategetsi babi cyangwa gutaka kw'abantu bishimye . "[20]

Amatsinda menshi n’imigendekere yabashije kugera ku mpinduka zikomeye mu mibereho mu kinyejana cya 20 mu izina ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu Burayi bw’Uburengerazuba no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi ryazanye amategeko yemerera abakozi uburenganzira bwo guhagarika akazi, gushyiraho uburyo buke bw’akazi no kubuza cyangwa kugenzura imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore washoboye kubona abagore benshi uburenganzira bwo gutora. Imiryango yo kwibohora mu bihugu byinshi yashoboye kwirukana imbaraga zabakoloni. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini ni ubuyobozi bwa Mahatma Gandhi mu mutwe w’ubwigenge bw’Abahinde. Imyigaragambyo y’amoko mato mato akandamijwe n’amadini yatsindiye mu bice byinshi by’isi, muri byo harimo ihuriro ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye iheruka, mu izina ry’abagore n’abato muri Amerika.

Urufatiro rwa komite mpuzamahanga y’umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-Rouge, 1864 Code ya Lieber hamwe n’ambere mu Masezerano y'i Jeneve mu 1864 yashyizeho urufatiro rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, kugira ngo arusheho gutera imbere nyuma y’Intambara ebyiri z'isi yose.

Hagati y'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose

Umuryango w’ibihugu washinzwe mu 1919 mu mishyikirano y’amasezerano ya Versailles nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye. Intego z’Umuryango w’abibumbye zirimo kwambura intwaro intwaro, gukumira intambara binyuze mu mutekano rusange, gukemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu binyuze mu mishyikirano, diplomasi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y’isi. Bikubiye mu gitabo cyayo cyari inshingano yo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwinshi bwaje gushyirwa mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu.

Umuryango w’ibihugu wari ufite inshingano zo gushyigikira benshi mu bahoze bakolonijwe n’ibihugu by’ibihugu by’Uburayi by’abakoloni mu gihe cyo kuva mu bukoloni bakajya mu gihugu cyigenga.

Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abakozi washyizweho nk’umuryango w’umuryango w’ibihugu, ubu ukaba uri mu Muryango w’abibumbye, wari ufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe bwaje gushyirwa mu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR):

intego y'ibanze ya ILO uyumunsi nukuzamura amahirwe kubagore nabagabo kubona akazi keza kandi gatanga umusaruro, mubihe byubwisanzure, uburinganire, umutekano nicyubahiro cya muntu.

- Raporo n’umuyobozi mukuru mu nama mpuzamahanga y’umurimo mu nama ya 87

Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose

Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu

Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu

"Ntabwo ari amasezerano ... [Mu bihe biri imbere, ashobora kuzaba mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga ya Magna Carta."

Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR) ni itangazo ridakurikizwa ryemejwe n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 1948, [22] igice gisubiza ibyabaye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. UDHR irasaba ibihugu bigize uyu muryango guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwenegihugu, ubukungu n’imibereho myiza,gushimangira ubwo burenganzira biri mu "umusingi w’ubwisanzure, ubutabera n’amahoro ku isi". Iri tangazo ni ryo tegeko rya mbere mpuzamahanga ryashyizweho mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyitwarire y’ibihugu no kureba niba inshingano zabo ku baturage babo bakurikije icyitegererezo cy’uburenganzira-bw’uburenganzira.

... kumenyekanisha icyubahiro kavukire n'uburenganzira bungana kandi butavogerwa bw'abagize umuryango w'abantu bose ni umusingi w'ubwisanzure, ubutabera n'amahoro ku isi

- Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

UDHR yashyizweho n'abagize komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, Eleanor Roosevelt akaba umuyobozi, batangira kuganira ku mushinga mpuzamahanga w'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 1947. Abagize Komisiyo ntibahise bemeranya ku ishyirwaho ry'umushinga w'itegeko ry'uburenganzira, kandi, yaba, cyangwa uburyo, igomba gukurikizwa. Komisiyo yatangiye gushyiraho UDHR n'amasezerano aherekeza, ariko UDHR yahise ishyirwa imbere. Umwarimu w’amategeko muri Kanada, John Humprey n’umunyamategeko w’Ubufaransa, René Cassin, ni bo bagize uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse n’imiterere y’inyandiko, aho ingingo z’iryo tangazo zasobanuraga ihame rusange ry’ibanze. Inyandiko yateguwe na Cassin kugirango ishyiremo amahame shingiro yicyubahiro, umudendezo, uburinganire n'ubuvandimwe mu ngingo ebyiri za mbere, zikurikirwa n'uburenganzira buri muntu ku giti cye; uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye no ku matsinda; uburenganzira bw'umwuka, rusange na politiki; n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Ingingo eshatu zanyuma zivuga, nk'uko Cassin abivuga, uburenganzira mu rwego rw’imipaka, inshingano ndetse n’imibereho myiza na politiki bigomba kugerwaho. Humphrey na Cassin bifuzaga ko uburenganzira muri UDHR bwubahirizwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko binyuze mu buryo bumwe, nk'uko bigaragara mu ngingo ya gatatu y'ibanze: [23]

Mu gihe ari ngombwa, niba umuntu adahatirwa kwitabaza, nk'uburyo bwa nyuma, kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw'igitugu no gukandamizwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kurengerwa no kugendera ku mategeko.

- Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Bamwe muri UDHR bakoze ubushakashatsi kandi bandikwa na komite y’impuguke mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, barimo abahagarariye imigabane yose n’amadini yose akomeye, kandi bagirana inama n’abayobozi nka Mahatma Gandhi. [24] Kwinjizamo uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco [23] [25] byavuzwe mbere yo gutekereza ko uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ikiremwamuntu budatandukanijwe kandi ko uburenganzira butandukanye bwashyizwe ku rutonde ntaho buhuriye. Nubwo iri hame ritigeze ryarwanywa n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango igihe byemejwe (iryo tangazo ryemejwe ku bwumvikane, hamwe n’umuryango w’abasoviyeti, Apartheid Afurika yepfo na Arabiya Sawudite), iryo hame ryaje guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye. [25]

Ku kibazo cya "rusange", ayo matangazo ntiyakurikijwe ivangura rishingiye ku ngo cyangwa ivanguramoko. Henry J. Richardson III yagiye impaka: [27]

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Guverinoma zose zikomeye mu gihe cyo gutegura amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’itangazo ry’isi yose zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo amategeko yose y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga yose azwi, ko ayo mahame yari afite amahame mpuzamahanga gusa kandi ko nta tegeko ryemewe n'amategeko kuri izo guverinoma zashyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihugu imbere. . Bose babonye mu mutuzo ko kugira ngo rubanda nyamwinshi ivangura rishingiye ku mategeko hashingiwe ku buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ko basaba ko ubwo burenganzira bwagutse bwashyirwaho byateza igitutu cyaba politiki.

Intambara y'ubutita itangiye nyuma gato yuko UDHR itwite yagejejwe ku macakubiri ku bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage ndetse n'uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki muri iryo tangazo. Ibihugu by’aba capitaliste byakunze kwibanda cyane ku burenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwa politiki (nk’ubwisanzure bwo kwishyira hamwe no gutanga ibitekerezo), kandi ntibashakaga gushyiramo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho (nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu bumwe). Ibihugu by’abasosiyaliste byahaye agaciro kanini uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage kandi bivuguruza cyane ko byashyirwa mu bikorwa.

Kubera amacakubiri yerekeye uburenganzira bwo gushyiramo, kandi kubera ko ibihugu bimwe byanze kwemeza amasezerano ayo ari yo yose harimo no gusobanura mu buryo bwihariye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, ndetse n’umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bivuguruza cyane ko uburenganzira bwose bwinjizwa muri so- yiswe Ubumwe Icyemezo, uburenganzira buteganijwe muri UDHR bwagabanyijwemo amasezerano abiri atandukanye, bituma ibihugu byemerera uburenganzira bumwe kandi bigasuzugura ibindi. Nubwo ibyo byatumye amasezerano ashyirwaho, yahakanye ihame ryasabwaga ko uburenganzira bwose bufitanye isano n’ibanze mu gusobanura UDHR. [28] [29]

Nubwo UDHR ari icyemezo kidahwitse, ubu gifatwa nkigice cyingenzi cyamategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo ashobora kwifashishwa mugihe gikwiye nubucamanza bwa leta nizindi nzego zubutabera.

Uman Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Mu 1966, Umuryango w’abibumbye, amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki (ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ICESCR) yemejwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye, hagati yabo bigatuma uburenganzira bukubiye muri UDHR bugomba kubahiriza ibihugu byose. a] Icyakora, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1976 gusa, igihe ryemejwe n’ibihugu bihagije (nubwo byageze kuri ICCPR, amasezerano harimo n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu cyangwa imibereho myiza y’Amerika, Amerika yemeje ICCPR gusa mu 1992). ICESCR yiyemeje amashyaka 155 yo guharanira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ESCR) ku bantu ku giti cyabo.

Andi masezerano menshi (ibice byamategeko) yatanzwe kurwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bazwi nkibikoresho byuburenganzira bwa muntu. Bimwe mubyingenzi ni:

Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (yemejwe 1948, atangira gukurikizwa: 1951) [1]

Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (ryemejwe 1966, ritangira gukurikizwa: 1969) [2]

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ritangira gukurikizwa: 1981) [3]

Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe 1984, atangira gukurikizwa: 1984) [32]

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe 1989, atangira gukurikizwa: 1989) [4] Yabitswe 26 Mata 2019 kuri Wayback Machine

Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe 1990)

Sitati y'i Roma y'urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) (gukurikizwa: 2002)

Ingamba zo kuzamura

Ingabo za gisirikare

Inshingano zo kurinda bivuga inyigisho z’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye zigira uruhare mu kurinda abaturage amarorerwa. Byagaragaye ko bifite ishingiro mu gukoresha ibikorwa bya gisirikare biherutse. Urugero rw’ubutabazi bukunze kunengwa ni uko ingabo za 2011 zagize uruhare mu ntambara ya mbere y’abaturage yo muri Libiya na Nato na Qatar aho bivugwa ko intego yo gukumira amarorerwa bivugwa ko yiyemeje inshingano nini yo gukuraho guverinoma yari igamije. [33] 34]

Ibikorwa byubukungu

Reba kandi: Ibihano byubukungu

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Ibihano by’ubukungu bikunze gutangwa ku bantu cyangwa ibihugu bibangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihano bikunze kunengwa kubera ko biranga ibihano rusange mu kubabaza abaturage b'igihugu mu bukungu hagamijwe kugabanya uko abaturage babona leta. [35] Bavuga kandi ko, ku buryo budasubirwaho, ibihano byo guhohotera guverinoma z’igitugu bishimangira umwanya wa guverinoma mu gihugu kuko guverinoma yaba igifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubona inkunga kurusha abayinenga ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bakarushaho gucika intege. [37]

Ibyago byo guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu byiyongera hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage batishoboye. Abakobwa bo mu miryango ikennye mu bukungu budafite inganda bakunze gufatwa nkumutwaro wamafaranga kumuryango kandi gushyingirwa kwabakobwa bakiri bato akenshi biterwa no kwizera ko abakobwa bazagaburirwa kandi bakarindwa nimiryango ikize. [38] Gutemagura imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore no kugaburira abakobwa ku gahato bivugwa ko biterwa ahanini no kongera amahirwe yo gushyingirwa bityo umutekano wabo ukaba wageze ku mahame ngenderwaho y'ubwiza. [39] Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, abakobwa bakeneye ubunararibonye bw’imihango yo gutangiza imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo no gutsinda ibizamini by’amahugurwa y’imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bakobwa byateguwe kugira ngo barusheho gushimisha nk’icyizere cyo gushyingirwa. Mu ngamba zafasha mu rwego rw’ubukungu bw’amatsinda atishoboye hagamijwe kugabanya ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu harimo uburezi bw’abakobwa ndetse n’amafaranga yinjiza make ndetse no kohererezanya amafaranga, nka Bolsa familia itera inkunga ababyeyi bakomeza abana mu ishuri aho kugira uruhare mu kwinjiza umuryango, byagenze neza yagabanije imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana.

Ingamba zamakuru

Kwigisha uburenganzira bwa muntu no guharanira inyungu

Ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikurikiranwa na komite z'umuryango w'abibumbye, inzego z'igihugu na guverinoma ndetse n'imiryango myinshi yigenga itegamiye kuri Leta, nka Amnesty International, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya iyicarubozo, Inzu y'Ubwisanzure, Ubwisanzure mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse no kurwanya ubucakara mpuzamahanga . Iyi miryango ikusanya ibimenyetso n’inyandiko z’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi ikoresha igitutu cyo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Kwigisha abantu igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu byavuzwe ko ari ingamba zo gukumira ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Ibikoresho byemewe n'amategeko

Ingero nyinshi z’amategeko mu rwego mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n’igihugu zasobanuwe hano hepfo zagenewe kubahiriza amategeko arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Kurinda kurwego mpuzamahanga

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu

Umuryango w’abibumbye

Ingingo nkuru: Umuryango w’abibumbye

Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye

Umuryango w’abibumbye (UN) nicyo kigo cyonyine cya leta gifite impande zombi zifite ububasha mpuzamahanga bwemewe na

amategeko rusange y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Inzego zose z’umuryango w’abibumbye zifite inshingano z’ubujyanama mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ndetse n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi hari komite nyinshi muri Loni zifite inshingano zo kubungabunga amasezerano atandukanye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Urwego rukuru rwa Loni mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu ni Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru ushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’abibumbye ufite inshingano mpuzamahanga kuri:

... kugera ku bufatanye n’amahanga mu gukemura ibibazo mpuzamahanga by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza, umuco, cyangwa ubumuntu, no guteza imbere no gushishikariza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze kuri bose nta gutandukanya amoko, igitsina, ururimi, cyangwa idini.

- Ingingo ya 1-3 y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye

Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu

Ingingo nkuru: Akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu

Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kashinzwe mu 2005, gafite inshingano zo gukora iperereza ku ihohoterwa rivugwa ko riharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu. 47 mu bihugu 193 bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye bicaye muri njyanama, batorwa ku bwiganze busanzwe mu majwi y'ibanga y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye. Abanyamuryango bamara imyaka itandatu kandi barashobora guhagarikwa kubanyamuryango kubera ihohoterwa rikabije ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Njyanama ifite icyicaro i Geneve, iterana gatatu mu mwaka; hamwe ninama zinyongera zo gusubiza ibibazo byihutirwa.

Impuguke zigenga (rapporteurs) zagumishijwe n’inama njyanama kugira ngo ikore iperereza ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no gutanga raporo ku nama njyanama.

Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu gashobora gusaba ko akanama gashinzwe umutekano kohereza imanza mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) kabone niyo ikibazo cyoherezwa hanze y’ububasha busanzwe bwa ICC.

Inzego z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye

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Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano yumubiri

Usibye inzego za politiki zifite inshingano ziva mu gitabo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, Loni yashyizeho inzego nyinshi zishingiye ku masezerano, zigizwe na komite z’impuguke zigenga zikurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amahame aturuka mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bashyigikiwe kandi bashyirwaho n’amasezerano bakurikirana, Usibye CESCR, yashyizweho ku cyemezo cy’Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage kugira ngo ikore imirimo yo kugenzura yari yahawe urwo rwego mbere y’amasezerano, ni tekiniki yigenga yigenga, yashyizweho namasezerano bakurikirana kandi bakabibazwa n’amashyaka y’ibihugu bigize ayo masezerano - aho kuba ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, nubwo mu bikorwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye kandi bashyigikiwe na komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (UNHCHR) n'ikigo cy'umuryango w'abibumbye gishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. [46]

Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu iteza imbere uruhare n’ibipimo bya ICCPR. Abagize iyo komite bagaragaza ibitekerezo ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango kandi bagaca imanza ku birego ku giti cyabo barega ibihugu byemeje amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano. Imanza, zitwa "ibitekerezo", ntabwo zemewe n'amategeko. Umwe mu bagize komite iterana inshuro eshatu mu mwaka kugira ngo akore inama [47]

Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ikurikirana ICESCR ikanatanga ibisobanuro rusange ku kwemeza imikorere y’ibihugu. Izaba ifite imbaraga zo kwakira ibirego ku bihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse imaze gukurikizwa. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu buryo butandukanye n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano, komite y’ubukungu ntabwo ari urwego rwigenga rushinzwe amashyaka y’amasezerano, ahubwo rushinzwe mu buryo butaziguye Inama y’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage ndetse n’Inteko rusange. Ibi bivuze ko Komite y’Ubukungu ihura n’ibibazo byihariye ifite mu buryo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano. [48] , ugereranije no kutagira inyandiko zemewe n’amategeko, kutumvikana kw’ibihugu byinshi mu gukemura uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ugereranije n’imiryango mike itegamiye kuri Leta yibanze ku karere n’ibibazo byo kubona amakuru afatika kandi yuzuye. [48] [citation ntabwo yabonetse] [ 49]

Komisiyo ishinzwe kurandura ivangura rishingiye ku moko ikurikirana CERD ikanasuzuma buri gihe imikorere y’ibihugu. Irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu bigize uyu muryango ubyemerera, ariko ntibyemewe n'amategeko. Itanga umuburo wo kugerageza gukumira ibinyuranyije n’amasezerano.

Komite ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore ikurikirana CEDAW. Yakiriye raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo n'ibitekerezo kuri bo, kandi irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu byahisemo amasezerano yo guhitamo 1999.

Komite ishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo ikurikirana CAT kandi ikakira raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo buri myaka ine n'ibitekerezo kuri bo. Komite yayo irashobora gusura no kugenzura ibihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse.

komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana ikurikirana CRC ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Ntabwo ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibibazo.

Komite ishinzwe abakozi bimukira mu mahanga yashinzwe mu 2004 kandi ikurikirana ICRMW ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Izaba ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ihohoterwa rimwe gusa ibihugu icumi bigize uyu muryango ubyemereye.

Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yashinzwe mu 2008 kugira ngo ikurikirane amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ibihugu byahisemo Amasezerano atemewe y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

Komite ishinzwe kubura ku gahato ikurikirana ICPPED. Impande zose z’ibihugu zitegetswe gutanga raporo muri komite zerekana uburyo uburenganzira bushyirwa mu bikorwa. Komisiyo isuzuma buri raporo kandi igakemura ibibazo byayo n'ibyifuzo by’ishyaka rya Leta mu buryo bwo "kurangiza".

Buri rwego rw’amasezerano ruhabwa inkunga y’ubunyamabanga n’inama y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amasezerano y’ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (OHCHR) i Geneve usibye CEDAW, ishyigikiwe n’ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere abagore (DAW). CEDAW yahoze ikora amasomo yayo yose ku cyicaro cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i New York ariko ubu ikunze guhurira ku biro by’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve; izindi nzego zamasezerano ziteranira i Geneve. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ubusanzwe ikora inama yayo yo muri Werurwe mu mujyi wa New York.

Uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganijwe muri UDHR, Amasezerano y'i Jeneve hamwe n’amasezerano atandukanye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ashyirwa mu bikorwa. Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwinshi buragoye cyane kubahiriza amategeko kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa.

Inkiko mpuzamahanga

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Ikirangantego cyemewe cya ICC

Hariho imiryango myinshi yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ifite inshingano cyangwa ububasha ku isi yose ku burenganzira bwa muntu:

Urukiko mpuzamahanga (ICJ) n’urwego rw’ibanze rw’umuryango w’abibumbye. Ifite ububasha ku isi yose. Iyobowe n'akanama gashinzwe umutekano. ICJ ikemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu. ICJ ntabwo ifite ububasha ku bantu.

Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) n’urwego rushinzwe iperereza no guhana ibyaha by’intambara, n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu iyo bibaye mu bubasha bwarwo, rufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza ubutabera abakoze ibyaha nkibi byabaye nyuma y’ishyirwaho ryayo mu 2002. Umubare. y'abanyamuryango ba Loni ntibigeze binjira mu rukiko kandi ICC ntabwo ifite ububasha ku baturage babo, kandi abandi basinye ariko ntibaremeza Sitati y'i Roma yashyizeho urukiko.

ICC hamwe n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga (reba uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu mu karere hepfo) zirahari kugira ngo zifate ingamba aho amategeko y’igihugu y’igihugu adashobora kuburanisha urubanza ubwabwo. Niba amategeko y'igihugu ashoboye kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no guhana abica amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, afite ububasha bw’ibanze mu kuzuzanya. Gusa iyo imiti yose yaho yarangiye amategeko mpuzamahanga atangira gukurikizwa.

Ubutegetsi bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere

Reba kandi: Urutonde rw’ingingo z’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’igihugu, ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu

Mu bihugu birenga 110 hashyizweho ibigo by’igihugu by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame y'i Paris, [54] umubare n'ingaruka z'ibi bigo biriyongera. Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris ku ya 7-9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu 1992/54 cyo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48 / 134 ryo mu 1993. Amahame y'i Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi ku bigo by'igihugu. [56]

Afurika

Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afrika

Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afrika (AU) ni ubumwe bw’umugabane ugizwe n’ibihugu mirongo itanu na bitanu bya Afurika. AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu gukuraho amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange. [58]

Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika rushinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abantu) ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye abantu na Uburenganzira bw'abaturage no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo byo kurenga ku Masezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibice bitatu by'inshingano:

Guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage

Kurinda abantun'uburenganzira bw'abaturage

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’abantu n’abaturage, uburenganzira, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza ibigo by’igihugu ndetse n’ibanze bireba abantu n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma "(Amasezerano, ingingo ya 45).

Hashyizweho urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza zashyikirizwa ububasha bw’urukiko. . [60] Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika.

Urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rukuru rw’Ubumwe" (Porotokole y’urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika, ingingo ya 2.2). [61] N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no kuba urukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004 [62] ariko kwishyira hamwe n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu 15. [63]

Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika bishinjwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta.

Amerika

Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga, ufite icyicaro i Washington, D.C., Amerika. Abanyamuryango bayo nibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga byo muri Amerika. Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, no guharanira ko isi ihinduka, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo yongere kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: [65]

Gushimangira demokarasi

Gukorera amahoro

Kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu

Kurwanya ruswa

Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka

Guteza imbere iterambere rirambye

Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruherereye i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni imwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: [67]

Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu

Itangazo ry'Abanyamerika ry'Uburenganzira n'inshingano z'umuntu

Amasezerano y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika

Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rw’Abanyamerika rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama. Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe. Mugihe cyanyuma, gitanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko byagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango.

Aziya

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Aziya, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya yo Hagati, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati

Nta mashyirahamwe cyangwa amasezerano yo muri Aziya agamije guteza imbere cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu biratandukanye cyane muburyo bwita ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no mu bijyanye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. [69]

Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (ASEAN) [71] n’umuryango wa geo-politiki n’ubukungu by’ibihugu 10 biherereye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya, washinzwe mu 1967 na Indoneziya, Maleziya, Filipine, Singapore na Tayilande. Ubu uyu muryango urimo kandi Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Miyanimari na Kamboje. Mu Kwakira 2009, hatangijwe komisiyo ihuriweho na guverinoma ya ASEAN ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, [73] hanyuma, itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ASEAN ryemejwe ku bwumvikane n’abanyamuryango ba ASEAN ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2012. [74]

Amasezerano y’abarabu y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ACHR) yemejwe n’inama y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’abarabu ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2004. [75]

Uburayi

Urukiko rw'u Burayi Ruharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Strasbourg

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi

Reba kandi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti

Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe n'amategeko mpuzamahanga kandi ufite status yindorerezi hamwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'Inama ya Uburayi buri i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa. Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’imibereho y’Uburayi. Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure.

Inama y’Uburayi n’umuryango utari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ariko biteganijwe ko uwanyuma azinjira mu Masezerano y’i Burayi kandi birashoboka ko Inama Njyanama ubwayo. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite inyandiko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu; Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.

Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu asobanura kandi yemeza kuva mu 1950 uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze mu Burayi. Ibihugu 47 bigize Umuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano bityo bikaba biri mu bubasha bw’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Strasbourg. Mu rwego rwo gukumira iyicarubozo no gufatwa nk’ikiremwamuntu cyangwa bitesha agaciro (ingingo ya 3 y’amasezerano), hashyizweho komite y’uburayi ishinzwe gukumira iyicarubozo.

Filozofiya y'uburenganzira bwa muntu

Uburenganzira

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Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwigisha bwatejwe imbere kugirango busobanure uburyo n'impamvu uburenganzira bwa muntu buba mubiteganijwe mu mibereho.

Imwe muri filozofiya ya kera y’iburengerazuba ku burenganzira bwa muntu ni uko ari umusaruro w’amategeko kamere, akomoka ku bitekerezo bitandukanye bya filozofiya cyangwa idini.

Izindi nyigisho zivuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragaza imyitwarire mbonezamubano nigicuruzwa cyabantu cyatejwe imbere nubwihindurize bwibinyabuzima n’imibereho (bifitanye isano na Hume). Uburenganzira bwa muntu busobanurwa kandi nkuburyo bwa sociologie bwo gushyiraho amategeko (nko mubitekerezo bya sociologie y'amategeko n'umurimo wa Weber). Ubu buryo bukubiyemo igitekerezo kivuga ko abantu muri sosiyete bemera amategeko atangwa n’ubuyobozi bwemewe hagamijwe umutekano n’inyungu z’ubukungu (nko muri Rawls) - amasezerano y’imibereho.

Uburenganzira karemano

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amategeko karemano n'uburenganzira bwa muntu

Amategeko ya kamere ashingiye ku burenganzira bwa muntu ashingiye ku mico "karemano" y’imyitwarire, idini cyangwa se ibinyabuzima bitagendeye ku mategeko cyangwa imigenzo y’igihe gito.

Sokarate n'abazungura be ba filozofiya, Platon na Aristote, bagaragaje ko hariho ubutabera karemano cyangwa uburenganzira karemano (dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, Ikilatini ius naturale). Muri bo, Aristote bakunze kuvuga ko ari we se w'amategeko kamere, [82] nubwo ibimenyetso bibigaragaza ahanini biterwa no gusobanura umurimo we na Thomas Aquinas. [83]

Iterambere ry'uwo muco w'ubutabera karemano muri rimwe mu mategeko asanzwe ryitirirwa Abasitoyiko.

Bamwe mu ba se b'Itorero rya mbere bashakaga kwinjiza igitekerezo cya gipagani cy'amategeko ya kamere mu bukristo. Inyigisho z'amategeko karemano zagaragaye cyane muri filozofiya ya Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, na John Locke.

Mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi, Thomas Hobbes yashinze igitekerezo cy’amasezerano y’imyitwarire myiza y’amategeko ku byo abantu bose bashobora kumvikanaho: ibyo bashakaga (umunezero) byateranijweho impaka, ariko ubwumvikane buke bushobora gushingira ku byo batinyaga (urupfu rw’urugomo rwatewe n'undi. ). Amategeko karemano yari uburyo umuntu ushyira mu gaciro, ushaka kubaho no gutera imbere, yakora. Yavumbuwe harebwa uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abantu, mu gihe mbere twavuga ko uburenganzira kamere bwavumbuwe harebwa amategeko kamere. Ku gitekerezo cya Hobbes, inzira imwe rukumbi amategeko kamere yashoboraga gutsinda ni uko abagabo bumvira amategeko ya nyagasani. Muri ibyo hashyizweho urufatiro rw'igitekerezo cy'amasezerano mbonezamubano hagati y'abayoborwa na guverineri.

Hugo Grotius yashingiye filozofiya ye y'amategeko mpuzamahanga ku mategeko kamere. Yanditse ko "n'ubushake bw'ikiremwa bushobora byose budashobora guhindura cyangwa gukuraho" amategeko kamere, "azakomeza kugira agaciro kayo kabone niyo twakagombye gutekereza ko bidashoboka, ko nta Mana ibaho cyangwa ko itabikora "kwita ku bibazo bya muntu. "

John Locke yashyize amategeko karemano muri byinshi mu bitekerezo bye na filozofiya, cyane cyane mu masezerano abiri ya guverinoma. Locke yahinduye ibyo Hobbes yanditse, avuga ko niba umutegetsi atubahirije amategeko kamere akananirwa kurengera "ubuzima, umudendezo, n'umutungo," abantu bashobora guhirika leta yariho kandi bagashyiraho bundi bushya.

Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ububiligi Frank van Dun ni umwe mu basobanura igitekerezo cy’isi [85] cy’amategeko kamere mu muco gakondo. Hariho kandi uburyo bushya kandi bw’isi bw’amategeko agenga amategeko asobanura uburenganzira bwa muntu nk’ibikomoka ku myumvire y’icyubahiro rusange cy’abantu.

Ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" ryasimbuye ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" mu kwamamara, kubera ko uburenganzira butagaragara kandi bukunze kugaragara ko busaba amategeko kamere kugira ngo babeho.

Ibindi bitekerezo byuburenganzira bwa muntu

Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya John Finnis avuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bufite ishingiro bitewe n'agaciro kabo bagize mu gushyiraho uburyo bukenewe kugira ngo imibereho myiza y'abantu ibe. [88] [89] Inyungu zishimishije zigaragaza inshingano zo kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabandi bantu kubwinyungu zabo bwite:

Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, akoreshwa ku benegihugu bwite akorera inyungu z’ibihugu, urugero, kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n’imyigaragambyo n’imyigaragambyo ndetse no gukomeza urwego rwo kutishimira leta.

- Niraj Nathwani, Kongera gutekereza ku mategeko y'impunzi [90]

Igitekerezo cyibinyabuzima cyerekana inyungu zigereranya yimyororokere yimyitwarire yabantu ishingiye kumpuhwe no kwikunda muburyo bwo gutoranya kamere. [91] [92] [93]

Ibitekerezo mu burenganzira bwa muntu

Reba kandi: Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu

Gutandukana no gutondekanya uburenganzira

Ibyiciro bikunze kugaragara mu burenganzira bwa muntu ni ukubigabanya mu burenganzira bwa muntu na politiki, n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco.

Uburenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki bukubiye mu ngingo ya 3 kugeza ku ya 21 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICCPR. Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco bukubiye mu ngingo ya 22 kugeza ku ya 28 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICESCR. UDHR yarimo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwa politiki kuko bwari bushingiye ku ihame ry’uko uburenganzira butandukanye bushobora kubaho gusa hamwe:

Igitekerezo cy’abantu bafite umudendezo bafite umudendezo wa gisivili na politiki n’ubwisanzure bwo gutinya no kwifuza gishobora kugerwaho ari uko hashyizweho uburyo buri wese ashobora kubona uburenganzira bwe bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, ndetse n’uburenganzira bwe mu mibereho, ubukungu n’umuco.

- Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki no mu bya politiki n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’imibereho n’umuco, 1966

Ibi bifatwa nkukuri kuko nta burenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki abaturage badashobora kwemeza uburenganzira bwabo mubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, nta mibereho na sosiyete ikora, abaturage ntibashobora kwemeza cyangwa gukoresha uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano cyangwa politiki (bizwi ko ari inda yuzuye).

Nubwo byemewe nabasinye muri UDHR, benshi muribo ntabwo mubikorwa biha uburemere buke ubwoko butandukanye bwuburenganzira. Imico y’iburengerazuba yakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, rimwe na rimwe bikabangamira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora, amashuri, ubuzima n’imiturire. Kurugero, muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntihaboneka uburyo bwo kwivuza ku buntu aho bukoreshwa. Ntabwo bivuze ko imico yuburengerazuba yirengagije burundu ubwo burenganzira (ibihugu byimibereho bibaho muburayi bwiburengerazuba nibimenyetso byibi). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibihugu byahoze bigize Umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byo muri Aziya byakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ariko akenshi ntibyashoboye gutanga uburenganzira bw’abaturage na politiki.

Ikindi cyiciro, cyatanzwe na Karel Vasak, ni uko hari ibisekuruza bitatu byuburenganzira bwa muntu: ibisekuruza bya mbere uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki (uburenganzira bwo kubaho no kugira uruhare muri politiki), uburenganzira bwo mu gisekuru cya kabiri uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (uburenganzira bwo kubaho) nubwa gatatu -uburenganzira bw'ubufatanye (uburenganzira ku mahoro, uburenganzira ku bidukikije). Muri iki gisekuru, igisekuru cya gatatu nicyo cyaganiriweho cyane kandi kikaba kitemewe n'amategeko na politiki. Iri tondekanya ntirinyuranye no kutagabana uburenganzira, kuko rivuga mu buryo butaziguye ko uburenganzira bumwe bushobora kubaho nta bundi. Gushyira imbere uburenganzira kubwimpamvu zifatika ariko birakenewe cyane. Impuguke mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu Philip Alston avuga:

Niba ikintu cyose gishoboka cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu kibonwa ko ari ngombwa cyangwa gikenewe, nta kintu na kimwe kizafatwa nkaho ari ngombwa koko.

- Philip Alston

We, n'abandi, barasaba ubwitonzi gushyira imbere uburenganzira:

... guhamagarira gushyira imbere ntabwo bivuze ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira rigaragara rishobora kwirengagizwa.

- filip Alston

Ibyihutirwa, aho bibaye ngombwa, bigomba gukurikiza amahame yibanze (nko kugerageza gushyira mu gaciro kugerwaho) n'amahame (nko kutavangura, uburinganire no kubigiramo uruhare. [96]

- Olivia Ball, Paul Yamaze

Bimwe mu burenganzira bwa muntu bivugwa ko ari "uburenganzira butavogerwa". Ijambo uburenganzira butavogerwa (cyangwa uburenganzira budasubirwaho) ryerekeza ku "ihuriro ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu shingiro, ridatangwa n'imbaraga z'abantu, kandi ntirishobora gutangwa".

Gukurikiza ihame ryo kutagabanywa n’umuryango mpuzamahanga byongeye gushimangirwa mu 1995:

Uburenganzira bwa muntu bwose ni rusange, ntibigabanywa kandi biruzuzanya kandi bifitanye isano. Umuryango mpuzamahanga ugomba gufata uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi mu buryo buboneye kandi bungana, ku buryo bumwe, kandi bushimangira kimwe.

- Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa, Inama mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, 1995

Aya magambo yongeye gushimangirwa mu nama yabereye i New York mu 2005 (paragarafu ya 121).

Universalism vs relativism yumuco

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Iterambere ry'umuco, Imyitwarire myiza, Kwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu, hamwe n'imyitwarire rusange

Ikarita: Biteganijwe ko ubwinshi bw'igitsina gore (FGC) muri Afurika. Amakuru ashingiye kubigereranyo bitazwi.

Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rishyiraho, mu bisobanuro, uburenganzira bukoreshwa ku bantu bose kimwe, aho akarere kose, leta, ubwoko cyangwa umuco barimo.

Abashyigikiye ivangura rishingiye ku muco bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu atari rusange, kandi ko rwose bivuguruza imico imwe n'imwe kandi bikabangamira ubuzima bwabo.

Uburenganzira bukunze guhatanwa nimpaka zishingiye kuburenganzira ni uburenganzira bwumugore. Kurugero, gutema igitsina gore bibaho mumico itandukanye muri Afrika, Aziya na Amerika yepfo. Ntabwo byemewe n'idini iryo ari ryo ryose, ariko bimaze kuba umuco mu mico myinshi. Bifatwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umukobwa na benshi mu mahanga, kandi birabujijwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe.

Universalism bamwe basobanuye ko imperialism yumuco, ubukungu cyangwa politiki. By'umwihariko, igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu gikunze kuvugwa ko gishingiye ku mitekerereze ya politiki ishingiye ku bwisanzure bwa politiki, nubwo byemewe mu Burayi, Ubuyapani cyangwa Amerika ya Ruguru, ntabwo byanze bikunze bifatwa nkibisanzwe ahandi.

Urugero, mu 1981, uhagarariye Irani mu Muryango w’abibumbye, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, yavuze uko igihugu cye gihagaze ku bijyanye na UDHR avuga ko UDHR yari "gusobanukirwa iby'isi ku muco gakondo w'Abayahudi n'Abakristo", bidashoboka. bishyirwa mu bikorwa n’abayisilamu batarenze ku mategeko ya kisilamu. [97] Uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa Singapuru, Lee Kuan Yew, na Maleziya, Mahathir bin Mohamad bombi bavuze ko mu myaka ya za 90 bavuga ko indangagaciro za Aziya zitandukanye cyane n’indangagaciro z’iburengerazuba kandi ko harimo ubudahemuka ndetse n’ubwisanzure bw’umuntu ku giti cye hagamijwe iterambere ry’imibereho n’iterambere. , bityo rero ubutegetsi bwigitugu bukwiye muri Aziya kuruta demokarasi. Iki gitekerezo kirwanya uwahoze ari depite wa Mahathir:

Kuvuga ko umudendezo ari Uburengerazuba cyangwa Abanyaziya ni ukubabaza imigenzo yacu kimwe na ba sogokuruza, batanze ubuzima bwabo mu kurwanya igitugu n'akarengane.

- Anwar Ibrahim, mu ijambo rye nyamukuru yagejeje ku ihuriro ry’abanyamakuru bo muri Aziya umutwe w’itangazamakuru n’umuryango muri Aziya, ku ya 2 Ukuboza 1994

Umuyobozi utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Singapore, Chee Soon Juan, na we avuga ko ari ivanguramoko kwemeza ko Abanyaziya badashaka uburenganzira bwa muntu. [98]

Akenshi hajuririrwa ko abantu batekereza cyane ku burenganzira bwa muntu, nka John Locke na John Stuart Mill, bose babaye Abanyaburengerazuba kandi rwose ko bamwe bagize uruhare mu kuyobora Ingoma ubwabo. [100] [101]

Impaka zifatika zikunze kwirengagiza ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugezweho ari shyashya mu mico yose, guhera mu gihe kitarenze UDHR mu 1948. Ntibabaze kandi ko UDHR yateguwe n'abantu bava mu mico n'imigenzo itandukanye, harimo Abagatolika b'Abanyamerika b'Abanyamerika, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w'Abashinwa, Umunyasiyoniste w’Abafaransa akaba n'uhagarariye Umuryango w’Abarabu, hamwe n’abandi, maze yifashisha inama z’abatekereza nka Mahatma Gandhi.

Michael Ignatieff yavuze ko ivangura rishingiye ku muco ari impaka zikoreshwa gusa n’abakoresha ubutegetsi mu mico ihohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi ko abafite uburenganzira bwa muntu babangamiwe ari nta mbaraga bafite. Ibi birerekana ko ingorane zo gucira imanza isi yose hamwe na relativism ziri mu bavuga ko bahagarariye umuco runaka.

Nubwo impaka ziri hagati y’isi yose n’ubusabane butarangiye, ni ikiganiro cy’amasomo kubera ko amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yubahiriza ihame ry’uko uburenganzira bwa muntu bukoreshwa ku isi hose. Inama y’isi yo mu 2005 yongeye gushimangira ko amahanga yubahiriza iri hame:

Imiterere rusange yuburenganzira bwa muntu nubwisanzure ntagushidikanya.

- 2005 Inama y’isi, paragarafu ya 120

Ububasha rusange vs ubusugire bwa leta

Reba kandi: Ububasha rusange ishyirahamwe n'ubusugire bwa Leta

Ububasha ku isi hose ni ihame ritavugwaho rumwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga aho ibihugu bisaba ububasha bw’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakekwaho ibyaha byakorewe hanze y’imbibi z’ubushinjacyaha, batitaye ku bwenegihugu, igihugu batuyemo, cyangwa indi sano ifitanye n’igihugu gikurikirana. Leta ishyigikiye ikirego cyayo hashingiwe ko icyaha cyakozwe gifatwa nk'icyaha kuri bose, igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyemerewe guhana. Igitekerezo cyububasha rusange rero gifitanye isano rya bugufi nigitekerezo kivuga ko amahame mpuzamahanga ari erga omnes, cyangwa abereyemo umuryango wisi yose, kimwe nigitekerezo cya jus cogens. Mu 1993, Ububiligi bwatoye itegeko ry’ububasha rusange kugira ngo inkiko zaryo zibone ububasha ku byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu bindi bihugu, naho mu 1998 Augusto Pinochet yafatiwe i Londres nyuma y'ibirego n'umucamanza wo muri Esipanye Baltasar Garzón akurikiza ihame ry'ububasha rusange. Iri hame rishyigikiwe na Amnesty International n’indi miryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko bemeza ko ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bibangamira amahanga muri rusange kandi abaturage bakaba bafite inshingano z’imyitwarire, ariko abandi, barimo Henry Kissinger, bavuga ko ubusugire bw’igihugu ari cyo cyambere. , kubera ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira ryakorewe mu bindi bihugu ari inyungu z’ibihugu byo hanze kandi kubera ko ibihugu bishobora gukoresha ihame kubera impamvu za politiki.

Abakozi ba Leta n'abatari ab'igihugu

Amasosiyete, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, amashyaka ya politiki, imitwe idasanzwe, n'abantu ku giti cyabo bazwi nk'abaterankunga. Abadaharanira inyungu bashobora kandi guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, ariko ntibagengwa n’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu uretse amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, akoreshwa ku bantu ku giti cyabo.

Ibigo byinshi by’igihugu bigira uruhare runini ku isi, kandi bifite uruhare runini mu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Nubwo ibidukikije byemewe n’imyitwarire bikikije ibikorwa bya guverinoma byateye imbere neza, ko ibigo bikikije ibihugu byinshi bitavugwaho rumwe kandi ntibisobanuwe neza. Ibigo byinshi byigihugu bikunze kubona inshingano zabo zibanze nkabanyamigabane babo, ntabwo bireba abarebwa nibikorwa byabo. Ibigo nkibi bikunze kuba binini kuruta ubukungu bwibihugu bakoreramo, kandi birashobora gukoresha imbaraga zubukungu na politiki. Nta masezerano mpuzamahanga abaho agaragaza neza imyitwarire yamasosiyete yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi amategeko yigihugu aratandukanye cyane. Jean Ziegler, Raporo idasanzwe ya Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ku burenganzira ku biribwa yavuzwe muri raporo mu 2003:

imbaraga zigenda ziyongera mu mashyirahamwe y’amahanga no kwagura ubutegetsi binyuze mu kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo, kubatesha agaciro no gusubiza inyuma igihugu na byo bivuze ko igihe kigeze kugira ngo dushyirehoho amahame y’amategeko yubahiriza amategeko agenga ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi akuraho ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ry’ububasha bwabo. .

- Jean Ziegler

Muri Kanama 2003, Komisiyo ishinzwe komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu yasohoye umushinga ngenderwaho ku nshingano z’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga ndetse n’ibindi bigo by’ubucuruzi bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibyo byasuzumwe na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 2004, ariko ntibifite aho bihurira n’amasosiyete kandi ntibikurikiranwa. Byongeye kandi, intego y’umuryango w’abibumbye igamije iterambere rirambye igamije kugabanya ubusumbane mu 2030 binyuze mu guteza imbere amategeko aboneye.

Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihe byihutirwa

Ifungwa ridasanzwe ry'abafashwe mpiri mu kigobe cya Guantanamo

Reba kandi: Gutesha agaciro, umutekano w’igihugu, n’amategeko yo kurwanya iterabwoba

Usibye uburenganzira bwa muntu budasuzuguritse (amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashyiraho uburenganzira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira bwo kutagira uburetwa, uburenganzira bwo kutagira iyicarubozo n’uburenganzira bwo kutishora mu bikorwa by’amategeko ahana nk’uko bidasuzuguritse [ 110]), Loni yemera ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bushobora kugarukira cyangwa no guhagarikwa ku ruhande mu bihe byihutirwa by’igihugu - nubwo:

ibyihutirwa bigomba kuba bifatika, bigira ingaruka kubaturage bose kandi iterabwoba rigomba kuba kubaho kwigihugu. Imenyekanisha ryihutirwa naryo rigomba kuba inzira yanyuma nigipimo cyigihe gito

- Umuryango w’abibumbye, umutungo [110]

Uburenganzira budashobora guteshwa agaciro kubwimpamvu z'umutekano wigihugu mubihe byose bizwi nkibisanzwe cyangwa jus cogens. Inshingano z’amategeko mpuzamahanga zubahirizwa kuri leta zose kandi ntizishobora.

REFERRENCES [IHUZA]

[hindura | hindura inkomoko]

↑ Sobanukirwa Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uko bwubahirizwa - Kigali Today
↑
↑ https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/kinyarwanda
↑
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134550/https://caraesnderahospital.prod.risa.rw/1/patients-information/patient-rights-and-responsibilities
↑ https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ese-koko-mu-rwanda-nta-bwisanzure-bwo-gutanga-ibitekerezo-buhari
↑ https://www.isangostar.rw/komisiyo-yuburenganzira-bwa-muntu-yavuze-ko-nta-mfungwa-ya-politike-iba-mu-rwanda

BYIRINGIRO Islael (talk) 06:57, 26 Ukwakira 2024 (UTC)Reply

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UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU

Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ryemejwe na Kongere y’umugabane wa 4 Nyakanga 1776

Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwenegihugu byemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubufaransa, 26 Kanama 1789.

- Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948

- Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948

Ku kibazo cya "rusange", ayo matangazo ntiyakurikijwe ivangura rishingiye ku ngo cyangwa ivanguramoko. Henry J. Richardson III yagiye impaka: [27]

Uman Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira

Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (ryemejwe 1966, ritangira gukurikizwa: 1969) [2]

Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe 1984, atangira gukurikizwa: 1984) [32]

Reba kandi: Ibihano byubukungu

Inzego z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye

Inkiko mpuzamahanga

Kurinda abantun'uburenganzira bw'abaturage

Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage

REFERRENCES [IHUZA]

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