Ubwoko bw’Imyidagaduro
Imyidagaduro nuburyo bwibikorwa bikurura ibitekerezo byabashitsi cyangwa bitanga umunezero nibyishimo. Irashobora kuba igitekerezo cyangwa umurimo, ariko birashoboka cyane kuba kimwe mubikorwa cyangwa ibintu byateye imbere mumyaka ibihumbi nibihumbi hagamijwe gukomeza gutega amatwi abumva.
Ibirori bikina Kottabos n'umukobwa ukina aulos, mu Bugereki (nko mu 420 MIC). Ibirori n'umuziki byakomeje kuba imyidagaduro ibiri y'ingenzi kuva kera.
Nubwo abantu bitabwaho nibintu bitandukanye kuberako abantu bafite ibyo bakunda, uburyo bwinshi bwo kwidagadura buramenyekana kandi buramenyerewe. Kuvuga inkuru, umuziki, ikinamico, imbyino, nubwoko butandukanye bwibikorwa bibaho mumico yose kandi byashyigikirwaga mu nkiko zumwami kandi bigatera imbere muburyo buhambaye, uko igihe kigenda kiboneka kubenegihugu bose. Ibikorwa byihutishijwe mugihe cya none ninganda zidagadura zandika kandi zigurisha ibicuruzwa byimyidagaduro. Imyidagaduro ihindagurika kandi irashobora guhuzwa nu rwego urwo arirwo rwose, uhereye kumuntu ku giti cye uhitamo imyidagaduro yihariye kuva murwego runini rwibicuruzwa byanditswe mbere; ku birori byahujwe na bibiri; ku bunini cyangwa ubwoko bwibirori, hamwe numuziki n'imbyino bikwiye; ku bitaramo bigenewe ibihumbi; ndetse no kubantu bose bumva isi.
Ubunararibonye bwo kwidagadura bwaje guhuzwa cyane no kwishimisha, kuburyo imyumvire imwe ihuriweho nigitekerezo ishimishije no gusetsa, nubwo imyidagaduro myinshi ifite intego ikomeye. Ibi birashobora kumera muburyo butandukanye bwimihango, ibirori, ibirori byamadini, cyangwa gusebanya urugero. Kubwibyo, haribishoboka ko ikigaragara nkimyidagaduro gishobora nanone kuba inzira yo kugera kubushishozi cyangwa gukura mubwenge.
Ikintu cyingenzi cyimyidagaduro ni abumva, bihindura imyidagaduro yihariye cyangwa imyidagaduro. Abumviriza barashobora kugira uruhara rudahwitse, nkuko bimeze kubantu bareba ikinamico, opera, televiziyo, cyangwa firime; cyangwa uruhare rwabateze amatwi rushobora kuba rukora, nko mugihe cyimikino, aho uruhare rwabitabiriye / abumva rushobora guhinduka muburyo busanzwe. Imyidagaduro irashobora kuba rusange cyangwa iyigenga, ikubiyemo ibikorwa byemewe, byanditswe, nkuko bimeze mumikino cyangwa ibitaramo; cyangwa bitanditswe kandi byizana, nkuko bimeze mumikino y'abana. Uburyo bwinshi bwo kwidagadura bwakomeje mu binyejana byinshi, bigenda bihinduka bitewe nimpinduka zumuco, ikoranabuhanga, nimyambarire urugero hamwe nubumaji bwa stage. Filime nudukino twa videwo, kurugero, nubwo bakoresha itangazamakuru rishya, komeza kuvuga inkuru, kwerekana ikinamico, no gucuranga. Ibirori byeguriwe umuziki, firime, cyangwa imbyino bituma abumva bishimisha muminsi mike ikurikiranye.
Imyidagaduro imwe n'imwe, nk'iyicwa rusange, ubu ntibyemewe mu bihugu byinshi. Ibikorwa nko kuzitira cyangwa kurasa, bimaze gukoreshwa mu guhiga cyangwa mu ntambara, byahindutse siporo yo kureba. Muri ubwo buryo, ibindi bikorwa, nko guteka, byateye imbere mubikorwa byabanyamwuga, byateguwe nkamarushanwa yisi yose hanyuma bigatangazwa kwidagadura. Niki imyidagaduro kumurwi umwe cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye irashobora gufatwa nkakazi cyangwa igikorwa cyubugome nundi.
Uburyo bwo kwidagadura bumenyerewe bufite ubushobozi bwo kwambuka ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye kandi bwerekanye ubushobozi busa nkaho butagira imipaka bwo guhanga remix. Ibi byashimangiye gukomeza no kuramba kwinsanganyamatsiko nyinshi, amashusho, nuburyo.
Ibisobanuro hindura
Inkoranyamagambo ya Oxford y'Icyongereza itanga inkomoko y'Ikilatini n'Igifaransa ku ijambo "kwidagadura", harimo inter (hagati) + tenir (gufata) nk'ibikomokaho, itanga ibisobanuro bya "gufatana" cyangwa "gufatana hamwe" no "kwishora, gukomeza akora, ibitekerezo byo kwitondera cyangwa igihe (cy'umuntu) ". Itanga kandi amagambo nka "kwishimisha", "kwinezeza", "kwishimira", kimwe no "kwakira nk'umushyitsi no kwerekana ubwakiranyi kuri". Irerekana imikoreshereze ya 1490 na William Caxton. [1]
Imitekerereze na filozofiya hindura
Imyidagaduro irashobora gutandukanywa nibindi bikorwa nkuburezi no kwamamaza nubwo bamenye gukoresha uburyo bwo kwidagadura kugirango bagere ku ntego zabo zitandukanye. Rimwe na rimwe, imyidagaduro irashobora kuba imvange kuri bombi. Akamaro n'ingaruka zo kwidagadura bizwi n'intiti [2] [3] kandi ubuhanga bwacyo bugenda bwiyongera byagize ingaruka ku bindi bikorwa nka museologiya. [4] [5]
Amashyi
0:38
Abateze amatwi bashimye imikorere ya Cavalleria Rusticana na Pietro Mascagni (2011)
Ibibazo byo gukina iyi dosiye? Reba ubufasha bw'itangazamakuru.
Abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu bavuga ko umurimo wo kwidagadura mu bitangazamakuru ari "ukugera ku kunyurwa". Nta bindi bisubizo cyangwa inyungu zishobora gupimwa mubisanzwe (usibye wenda amanota yanyuma mumyidagaduro ya siporo). Ibi bitandukanye nuburezi (bwateguwe hagamijwe guteza imbere imyumvire cyangwa gufasha abantu kwiga) no kwamamaza (bigamije gushishikariza abantu kugura ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi). Ariko, itandukaniro rihinduka urujijo iyo uburezi bushaka kuba byinshi "kwishimisha" no kwidagadura cyangwa kwamamaza ushaka kuba "uburezi". Imvange nkiyi izwi cyane na neologism "edutainment" cyangwa "infotainment". Imitekerereze yimyidagaduro kimwe no kwiga yakoreshejwe muribi bice byose. Bimwe mubyigisho-imyidagaduro nigikorwa gikomeye cyo guhuza ibintu byiza byombi. [8] Abantu bamwe bashimishwa nububabare bwabandi cyangwa igitekerezo cyo kutishima kwabo (schadenfreude).
Imyidagaduro irashobora kurenga kunyurwa kandi igatanga ubushishozi mubayumva. Imyidagaduro irashobora gusuzuma ubuhanga ibibazo bya filozofiya ku isi hose nka: "Kuba umuntu bisobanura iki?"; "Ni ikihe kintu cyiza cyo gukora?"; cyangwa "Nabwirwa n'iki ibyo nzi?". "Ubusobanuro bw'ubuzima", nk'urugero, ni ingingo mu buryo butandukanye bwo kwidagadura, harimo filime, umuziki n'ubuvanganzo. Ibibazo nkibi bitwara inkuru nyinshi namakinamico, yaba yatanzwe muburyo bwinkuru, film, ikinamico, igisigo, igitabo, imbyino, urwenya, cyangwa umukino. Ingero zidasanzwe zirimo Shakespeare ikinamico ikomeye Hamlet, intwari ye igaragaza izo mpungenge mubisigo; na firime, nka The Matrix, isobanura imiterere y'ubumenyi [11] ikanasohoka ku isi hose. Ibitabo bitanga umwanya munini wo gukora iperereza kuri izi nsanganyamatsiko mugihe zishimisha abasomyi babo. Urugero rwibikorwa bihanga bitekereza kubibazo bya filozofiya bishimishije kuburyo byatanzwe muburyo butandukanye cyane ni igitabo cyitwa Hitchhiker Guide to Galaxy. Ubusanzwe urwenya kuri radio, iyi nkuru yamenyekanye cyane kuburyo yagaragaye nkigitabo, firime, serivise za tereviziyo, kwerekana ibyiciro, urwenya, igitabo cyamajwi, LP record, umukino wibitangaza numukino wo kumurongo, ibitekerezo byayo byabaye ibyamamare (reba Amagambo yo muri The Igitabo cya Hitchhiker kuri Galaxy) kandi cyahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi. Insanganyamatsiko zayo zikubiyemo ubusobanuro bwubuzima, ndetse n "" imyitwarire yimyidagaduro, ubwenge bwimbaraga, isi myinshi, Imana, nuburyo bwa filozofiya ".
Amateka hindura
Imyidagaduro mu kinyejana cya 16 n'imyidagaduro mugihe cy'ihungabana rikomeye
The Campfire ya Albert Bierstadt yerekana inkuru, uburyo bwo kwidagadura ku isi yose
Mosaic yerekana imyidagaduro y'Abaroma yari gutangwa mumikino ya gladiator, kuva mu kinyejana cya 1
"Ubukorikori bwa kera bwo kumenyekanisha ibyabaye nubunararibonye, ukoresheje amagambo, amashusho, amajwi n'ibimenyetso" mu kuvuga inkuru [16] ntabwo aribwo buryo abantu banyuzemo indangagaciro z'umuco n'imigenzo n'amateka yabo kuva mu gisekuru kugera mu kindi, yabaye igice cyingenzi muburyo bwo kwidagadura kuva kera. Inkuru ziracyavugwa muburyo bwambere, kurugero, hafi yumuriro mugihe ukambitse, cyangwa mugihe wunvise inkuru zumuco wundi nkumukerarugendo. "Urutonde rwa mbere rwo kuvuga inkuru dufite, ubu birumvikana ko twiyemeje kwandika, nta gushidikanya ko mu ntangiriro twavugaga umunwa ku gutwi n'imbaraga zabo nk'imyidagaduro ikomoka ku bintu bimwe na bimwe twishimira muri filime no mu bitabo." [17] Kuvuga inkuru ni igikorwa cyahindutse kandi gitera imbere "kugana ibintu bitandukanye". Imyidagaduro myinshi, harimo kuvuga inkuru ariko cyane cyane umuziki namakinamico, ikomeza kumenyera ariko yateye imbere muburyo butandukanye kugirango ihuze ibintu byinshi bikunda kugiti cyawe no kwerekana umuco. Ubwoko bwinshi bwahujwe cyangwa bushyigikiwe nubundi buryo. Kurugero, ikinamico, inkuru no gusangira (cyangwa gusangira) bikunze kuzamurwa numuziki; siporo n'imikino byinjijwe mubindi bikorwa kugirango byongere ubujurire. Bamwe bashobora kuba baravuye mubikorwa bikomeye cyangwa bikenewe (nko kwiruka no gusimbuka) mumarushanwa hanyuma bahinduka imyidagaduro. Bivugwa nk'urugero, ko guterera inkingi "bishobora kuba byarakomotse mu Buholandi, aho abantu bakoreshaga inkingi ndende kugira ngo bazunguruke hejuru y'imigezi migari aho kurambika utuzu twabo bagenda ibirometero bigana ku kiraro cyegereye. Abandi bakomeza bavuga ko gutera inkingi byakoreshejwe mu ntambara. kuzamuka hejuru y'urukuta rw'ibihome mu gihe cy'intambara. "[18] Ibikoresho by'imikino nk'iyi byarushijeho kuba byiza. Urugero, inkingi zubatswe, zabanje gukorwa mu mashyamba nka ivu, hickory cyangwa hazel; mu kinyejana cya 19 imigano yakoreshejwe kandi mu kinyejana cya 21 inkingi irashobora gukorwa muri fibre karubone. Ibindi bikorwa, nko kugenda kuri stil, biracyagaragara mubikorwa bya susike mu kinyejana cya 21. Imirwano ya Gladiator, izwi kandi ku izina rya "imikino ya gladiator", izwi cyane mu gihe cy'Abaroma, itanga urugero rwiza rw'igikorwa gihuza siporo, ibihano, n'imyidagaduro. [19]Impinduka kubintu bifatwa nkimyidagaduro irashobora kubaho mugusubiza impinduka zumuco cyangwa amateka. Guhiga inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, byinjiye mu Bwami bw'Abaroma kuva i Carthage maze biba imyidagaduro rusange n'imyidagaduro rusange, bishyigikira ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ku nyamaswa zo mu gasozi.
Imyidagaduro nayo yagiye ihinduka muburyo butandukanye no kwerekana imvugo biturutse ku mvururu zishingiye ku mibereho nk'intambara na impinduramatwara. Urugero, mu gihe cy’impinduramatwara y’umuco w’Abashinwa, opera y’impinduramatwara yemerewe n’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti n’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ihungabana rikomeye hamwe n’impinduramatwara y’Uburusiya byose byagize ingaruka ku myidagaduro.
Ugereranije impinduka ntoya kumiterere n'ahantu ho kwidagadurira bikomeje kuza no kugenda kuko bigira ingaruka kubihe, imyambarire, umuco, ikoranabuhanga, nubukungu. Kurugero, inkuru ivugwa muburyo butangaje irashobora gutangwa mumikino yikibuga, inzu yumuziki, inzu yimikino, multiplex, cyangwa nkibikoresho byikoranabuhanga byateye imbere, ukoresheje ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka mudasobwa ya tablet. Imyidagaduro itangwa kubantu benshi mubikorwa byubatswe nkikinamico, inzu yimyidagaduro, cyangwa stade. Kimwe mu bibuga bizwi cyane mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba, Colosseum, "yeguriye AD 80 hamwe n’imikino ijana, yakiriye abantu ibihumbi mirongo itanu," kandi muri yo abayirebaga "bishimiye siporo y’amaraso hamwe n’imitego yerekana ibitaramo". [27] Ibirori, amarushanwa, amasiganwa, na siporo byigeze gutangwa muriki kibuga cyubatswe nkimyidagaduro rusange. Stadia nshya ikomeje kubakwa kugira ngo ihuze n'ibisabwa abantu benshi ku isi hose.
Imyidagaduro yo mu rukiko hindura
Inkiko za cyami nubwami zatanze ikibuga cyamahugurwa ninkunga kubashimisha babigize umwuga, hamwe numuco utandukanye ukoresheje ingoro, ibigo n'ibihome muburyo butandukanye. Nk’urugero, mu mujyi wa Maya, "akenshi ibitaramo byaberaga mu bibuga binini imbere y’ingoro; imbaga y'abantu yateraniye aho haba cyangwa ahantu hagenewe bashobora kurebera kure." [29] Imyidagaduro y’urukiko nayo yambukaga imico. Kurugero, durbar yamenyekanye mubuhinde nabamogali, hanyuma ijya mubwami bwabongereza, hanyuma bukurikiza imigenzo yabahinde: "ibigo, imitwe, imigenzo, imihango yashizweho na Maharaja cyangwa Nawab ... guhana impano zemewe ... gahunda y'ibanze ", nk'urugero," bose barazwe kuva ... Abami ba Delhi ". [30] Muri Koreya, "imbyino y'imyidagaduro y'urukiko" "yabanje gukorerwa mu ngoro yo kwidagadura mu birori by'urukiko." [31]
Imyidagaduro yo mu rukiko yakunze kuva mu kwifatanya n’urukiko ikajya ikoreshwa muri rusange. Uku niko byagenze kuri "imbyino zipfundikirwa mu maso" muri Koreya, "zatangiriye ku mihango ya shaman yo mu mudugudu kandi amaherezo yaje kuba uburyo bwo kwidagadura ku baturage". Ababyinnyi ba Nautch mu bwami bwa Mughal baririmbye mu nkiko zo mu Buhinde. Ubundi bwihindurize, busa n'ubwavuye mu myidagaduro yo mu rukiko bukajya mu bikorwa bisanzwe, ni uguhinduka kuva mu mihango y'idini ukajya mu myidagaduro y'isi, nk'ibyabaye mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Goryeo n'umunsi mukuru wa Narye. Mu ntangiriro "abanyamadini cyangwa imihango gusa, igice cy'isi cyongewe ku mwanzuro". Imyidagaduro yahoze mu rukiko, nko gusetsa, akenshi nayo yarokotse mu mikino y'abana.
Mu nkiko zimwe na zimwe, nk'izari mu gihe cy'Ingoma ya Byzantine, uburinganire bwatandukanijwe mu nzego zo hejuru, ku buryo "byibuze mbere y'igihe cya Komnenoi" (1081–1185) abagabo batandukanijwe n'abagore mu birori aho habaga imyidagaduro nk'iyi. nk'ibirori n'ibirori. [34]
Imihango yurukiko, ibirori byumwami nibirori bifitanye isano nayo, ntibyakoreshejwe gusa kwishimisha ahubwo no kwerekana ubutunzi n'imbaraga. Ibintu nkibi bishimangira umubano hagati yumutegetsi nubutegetsi; hagati y'abafite imbaraga n'abadafite, bakorera "kwerekana itandukaniro riri hagati y'imiryango isanzwe n'iy'umutegetsi". Uru nirwo rubanza nko mu nkiko gakondo nkuko bimeze ku mihango y'iki gihe, nk'imihango yo guhererekanya Hong Kong mu 1997, aho imyidagaduro myinshi (harimo ibirori, parade, fireworks, ibitaramo by'ibirori ndetse n'ubuhanzi. ) bashyizwe muri serivisi yo kwerekana impinduka mubutegetsi bwa politiki. Imyidagaduro y'urukiko ubusanzwe yakorwaga ku bwami no mu bami ndetse no "gushimisha abanyacyubahiro baho kandi basuye". Inkiko z'umwami, nk'iz'Abanyakoreya, nazo zashyigikiraga imbyino gakondo. Muri Sudani, ibikoresho bya muzika nkibyo bita "slit" cyangwa "kuvuga" ingoma, rimwe "igice cya orchestre yurukiko rwumutware ukomeye", byari bifite intego nyinshi: byakoreshwaga mu gukora umuziki; "vuga" mu birori; shyira ahagaragara ibikorwa byabaturage; ohereza ubutumwa burebure; kandi uhamagare abantu guhiga cyangwa kurwana. [37] [38] [39]
Imyidagaduro yo mu rukiko irerekana kandi isano itoroshye hagati yimyidagaduro nindorerezi: abantu barashobora kuba imyidagaduro cyangwa igice cyabateze amatwi, cyangwa barashobora guhinduranya inshingano nubwo mugihe cyimyidagaduro imwe. Mu rukiko ku ngoro ya Versailles, "ibihumbi by'abanyacyubahiro, barimo abagabo n'abagore babaga mu nzu zayo, bakoze nk'abahanzi ndetse n'abarebera mu mihango ya buri munsi yashimangiraga urwego rw'imiterere ". [35]
Kimwe n'imyidagaduro yo mu rukiko, ibihe bya cyami nko kwimika no gushyingirwa byatanze amahirwe yo gushimisha abanyacyubahiro ndetse n'abaturage. Kurugero, ibirori byiza 1595 byo kwizihiza umunsi wokwinjira kwumwamikazi Elizabeth wa mbere natanze amarushanwa, urwenya hamwe nibindi birori byakozwe "atari imbere yurukiko rwateraniye hamwe, mubyiza byabo byose, ariko no mubihumbi n’ibihumbi byabanya Londres bifuza kwidagadura umunsi mwiza. Kwinjira kuri Uwiteka ibyabaye kumunsi kuri Tiltyard muri Whitehall yashyizwe kuri 12d ".
Igihano rusange hindura
Tike yo kwicwa Jonathan Wild (1725)
Nubwo uburyo bwinshi bwo kwidagadura bwagiye buhinduka kandi bukomeza uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana, uburyo bumwe bwahoze bukunzwe ntibukiri bwemewe. Kurugero, mu binyejana byabanjirije i Burayi, kureba cyangwa kugira uruhare mu guhana abagizi ba nabi cyangwa ababana n’imibereho byari uburyo bwo kwidagadura bwemewe kandi buzwi. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gusuzugura rubanda nabwo bwatangaga imyidagaduro yaho kera. Ndetse igihano cyo kwicwa nko kumanika no gucibwa umutwe, gihabwa rubanda nk'ikuburira, nacyo cyafatwaga nk'imyidagaduro. Ibihano by'urupfu byamaraga igihe kirekire, nko gutera amabuye no gushushanya no muri kimwe cya kane, byatanze abantu benshi. "Kumanika byari karnivali itayoboye gusa abashomeri ahubwo ni abashomeri. Burugumesitiri mwiza cyangwa abanyacyubahiro bafite amatsiko bashoboye kubireba babikuye mu modoka cyangwa bakodesha icyumba." [41] Igihano rusange nk'imyidagaduro cyakomeje kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19 aho igihe "ibintu biteye ubwoba byo kumanikwa kumugaragaro byakuruye urwango abanditsi nabafilozofe". Dickens na Thackeray bombi banditse ibijyanye no kumanikwa muri gereza ya Newgate mu 1840, kandi "bigisha abantu benshi ko kwicwa ari imyidagaduro iteye isoni".
Abana hindura
Gukina (ibikorwa) abana bakina
Pieter Bruegel Imikino Yabana (1560)
Imyidagaduro y'abana ishingiye ku gukina kandi ni ingirakamaro mu mikurire yabo. Akenshi yigana ibikorwa byabantu bakuru, nko kureba ibitaramo (9); ibategurira inshingano z'abakuze, nko kurera abana cyangwa imikoranire myiza (1,2,3,4,8); cyangwa atezimbere ubuhanga nkubumenyi bwa moteri (5), bukenewe muri siporo numuziki (6,7). Muri iki gihe cya none, akenshi bikubiyemo kwishora hamwe no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho (9,10).
Imyidagaduro kandi itangwa ku bana cyangwa ikabigishwa n'abantu bakuru kandi ibikorwa byinshi bibashimisha nk'ibipupe, clown, pantomimes na karato nabyo bikundwa n'abantu bakuru. [42] [43]
Abana bagiye bakina imikino. Biremewe ko kimwe no kwinezeza, gukina imikino bifasha iterambere ryabana. Imwe mu nkuru zizwi cyane zerekana amashusho y'imikino y'abana ni igishushanyo cya Pieter Bruegel Umusaza cyitwa Imikino y'abana, cyashushanijwe mu 1560. Irerekana abana bakina imikino itandukanye bishoboka ko yari isanzwe muri kiriya gihe. Imikino myinshi muriyi mikino, nka marble, kwihisha-gushakisha, kuvuza amasabune menshi hamwe no kuguruka ingurube bikomeje gukinwa.
Urugero rwa sisitemu yo kugenzura igaragaza imyaka ikwiye (Isiraheli)
Uburyo bwinshi bwo kwidagadura burashobora cyangwa bwahinduwe kugirango buhuze ibyo abana bakeneye. Mu kinyejana cya 20, duhereye ku bikorwa byakunze kunengwa ariko nyamara ari ngombwa bya G. Stanley Hall, "wateje imbere isano iri hagati yo kwiga iterambere na psychologiya" nshya ", [44] na cyane cyane umurimo wa Jean Piaget , "wabonye iterambere ryubwenge risa niterambere ryibinyabuzima", [45] byaje gusobanuka ko iterambere ryimitekerereze yabana riba mubyiciro kandi ko ubushobozi bwabo butandukanye nabakuze. Niyo mpamvu, inkuru n'ibikorwa, haba mubitabo, firime, cyangwa imikino yo kuri videwo byateguwe byumwihariko kubantu bumva abana. Ibihugu byashubije ibibazo byihariye by’abana ndetse n’izamuka ry’imyidagaduro hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga nka sisitemu yo gusuzuma ibipimo bya tereviziyo, kugira ngo bayobore rubanda n’imyidagaduro.
Mu kinyejana cya 21, kimwe nibicuruzwa bikuze, imyidagaduro myinshi iraboneka kubana kuri enterineti kugirango bakoreshwe wenyine. Ibi bigize impinduka zikomeye kuva kera. Umwanya umara abana bamara mu nzu mu myidagaduro ishingiye kuri ecran no "gusenyuka gutangaje kwabana kwabana na kamere" byanenze ingaruka mbi zabyo mubitekerezo, ubwenge bwabantu bakuru no kumererwa neza mumitekerereze.
Ubwoko bwimikino abana bakunda mubihugu bigiye bitandukanye hindura
- Types of children's entertainment
-
1 Toy Coldstream Guards soldiers (19th century) -
2 Doll of a newborn baby -
3 Children being entertained by a dog (19th century painting) -
4 French scout (early 20th century) -
5 Egyptian toddler playing with glass marbles -
6 Armenian boys play recorders -
7 Chinese girl in a swimming pool -
8 Tanzanian children in a group game -
9 Polish boys watch children's TV -
10 Toddler using a Tablet computer
