Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Imvugo ya Gikuyu: [ᵑɡoɣe wá ðiɔŋɔ]; yavutse ; 5 Mutarama 1938) Yavuzweho kuba "afatwa nk'umwanditsi w'ibitabo ukomeye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba". Mubikorwa bye harimo ibitabo, amakinamico, inkuru ngufi, hamwe ningingo, uhereye kunegura ubuvanganzo n’imibereho kugeza ubuvanganzo bwabana. Niwe washinze ikinyamakuru Mũtĩiri cyo mu rurimi rwa Gikuyu. Inkuru ye ngufi Impinduramatwara Upright: Cyangwa Impamvu Abantu Bagenda Upright, yahinduwe mu ndimi 100 zo hirya no hino ku isi.

Mu 1977, Ngũgĩ yatangiye uburyo bushya bwo gukinisha amakinamico mu gihugu cye kavukire cya Kenya cyashakaga kuvana inzira y’ikinamico mubyo yise "gahunda rusange y’uburezi bwa burugumesitiri", ashishikariza abantu ubwabo ndetse n’abitabira kwitabira ibyo bitaramo. Umushinga we washatse "kwerekana" inzira yikinamico, no kwirinda "inzira yo kwitandukanya [itanga] ingoro y’inyenyeri zikora hamwe n’imbaga itandukanijwe n’abashimira", nk'uko Ngũgĩ abivuga, ishishikariza abantu gutambuka mu "bantu basanzwe". [6] Nubwo umukino we w'ingenzi, Ngaahika Ndeenda, wanditswe na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii, wagenze neza mu bucuruzi, wahagaritswe n'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwa Kenya nyuma y'ibyumweru bitandatu bufunguwe.

Ngũgĩ yaje gufungwa umwaka urenga. Uyu muhanzi yemerewe kuba imfungwa y’umutimanama mpuzamahanga Amnesty, yavuye muri gereza, ahunga Kenya. Muri Amerika, kuri ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’icyongereza muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine. Yabanje kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Northwestern, Yale University, na New York University. Ngũgĩ yakunze gufatwa nk'umukandida ushobora guhabwa igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu buvanganzo. Yatsindiye igihembo mpuzamahanga cya Nonino 2001 mu Butaliyani, ndetse na Park Kyong-ni 2016. Mu bana be harimo abanditsi Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.

Ibyaranze ubuzima bwe

Uko yize naho yigiye amashuri abanza Ngũgĩ yavukiye Kamiriithu, hafi ya Limuru [13] mu karere ka Kiambu, muri Kenya, ukomoka mu Kikuyu, maze abatiza James Ngugi. Umuryango we wafatiwe mu myigaragambyo ya Mau Mau; murumuna we Mwangi yagize uruhare rugaragara mu gisirikare cya Kenya cy’Ubwisanzure n’Ubwisanzure (ari naho yiciwe), undi muvandimwe yarashwe mu gihe cy’ibihe bidasanzwe, nyina akorerwa iyicarubozo ku biro by’abashinzwe umutekano mu rugo rwa Kamiriithu.

Yagiye mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Alliance, akomeza kwiga muri kaminuza ya Makerere i Kampala, muri Uganda. Nkumunyeshuri yitabiriye inama nyafurika y’abanditsi yabereye i Makerere muri Kamena 1962, [Muri iyo nama Ngũgĩ yasabye Chinua Achebe gusoma inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki z’igitabo cye cyitwa Uruzi Hagati na Nturirire, Umwana, nyuma kikazasohoka mu gitabo cyitwa Heinemann's African Writer Series, cyatangiriye i Londres muri uwo mwaka, Achebe akaba umwanditsi mukuru wa mbere w’ubujyanama. ] Ngũgĩ yakiriye B.A. mu Cyongereza kuva muri Makerere University College, Uganda, mu 1963.

Ibitabo byambere nubushakashatsi bwe mu Bwongereza

Igitabo cye cya mbere yise “Kurira, Umwana,” cyasohotse muri Gicurasi 1964, kiba igitabo cya mbere mu Cyongereza cyanditswe n'umwanditsi ukomoka muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. [23]

Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, amaze kubona buruse muri kaminuza ya Leeds kwiga MA, Ngũgĩ yagiye mu Bwongereza, aho yari ari igihe igitabo cye cya kabiri yise Uruzi Hagati, cyasohokaga mu 1965. [22] Uruzi Hagati, rufite amateka y’imyigaragambyo ya Mau Mau, rukanasobanura urukundo rudashimishije hagati y’abakristu n’abatari abakirisitu, mbere yari kuri gahunda y’ishuri ryisumbuye ry’igihugu cya Kenya. [24] [25] [26] Yavuye i Leeds atarangije isomo rye ku buvanganzo bwa Karayibe, [27] aho ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze kuri George Lamming, uwo Ngũgĩ yavuze mu cyegeranyo cye cyo mu 1972 yakusanyije imuhira: "Yankanguye, ishusho itazibagirana y’imyigarambyo y'abahinzi muri isi yiganjemo abazungu. Kandi mu buryo butunguranye namenye ko hashobora gukorwa igitabo kugira ngo tuvugane, gishobora, hamwe nihutirwa cyane, imigozi yo gukoraho [sic] muri njye. Isi ye ntiyari idasanzwe kuri njye nk'iya Fielding. , Defoe, Smollett, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Dickens, D. H. Lawrence.

Guhindura izina, ingengabitekerezo no kwigisha

Igitabo cya Ngũgĩ cyo mu 1967 cyitwa 'Ingano y'ingano' cyerekanaga ko yakiriye Marxism ya Fanoniste. Nyuma yaje kureka kwandika mu Cyongereza, n'izina James Ngugi nk'abakoloni; mu 1970 yari yarahinduye izina ayita Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, [29] atangira kwandika mu gihugu cye Gikuyu. Mu 1967, Ngũgĩ yatangiye kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Nairobi nk'umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bw’icyongereza. Yakomeje kwigisha muri kaminuza imyaka icumi mugihe yakoraga nka Mugenzi wandika guhanga i Makerere. Muri icyo gihe, yanatumiwe muri kaminuza ya Northwestern mu ishami ry’icyongereza n’Africa umwaka umwe.

Mugihe umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, Ngũgĩ yabaye umusemburo wibiganiro byo gukuraho ishami ryicyongereza. Yavuze ko nyuma y’ubukoloni burangiye, byabaye ngombwa ko kaminuza yo muri Afurika yigisha ubuvanganzo nyafurika, harimo n’ubuvanganzo bwo mu kanwa, kandi ko ibyo bigomba gukorwa hagamijwe kumenya ubukire bw’indimi nyafurika.

Igihe cy'fungwa

Mu 1976, Thiong'o yafashije gushinga ikigo cy’uburezi n’umuco cya Kamiriithu cyateguye ikinamico nyafurika muri ako karere. Umwaka wakurikiyeho hasohotse Amababi yamaraso. Ubutumwa bwa politiki bukomeye, ndetse n'ubw'ikinamico ye Ngaahika Ndeenda (Nzashyingirwa Iyo nshaka), yandikiranye na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii ndetse anasohoka mu 1977, byateje Visi-Perezida wa Kenya icyo gihe Daniel arap Moi gutegeka ko atabwa muri yombi. Hamwe na kopi z'imikino ye, hafashwe ibitabo bya Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, na Vladimir Lenin. Yoherejwe muri gereza nkuru y’umutekano ya Kamiti, agumayo aho hafi umwaka wose ataburanishijwe.

Yafungiye muri kasho hamwe n’abandi bagororwa ba politiki. Mu gihe cyo gufungwa kwabo, bemererwaga isaha imwe y'izuba ku munsi. Ngũgĩ yaranditse ati: "Urwo ruganda rwahoze ari urw'abakatiwe mu mutwe mbere yo gukoreshwa neza nk'akazu k abanyapolitiki." Yabonye ihumure mu nyandiko maze yandika igitabo cya mbere kigezweho i Gikuyu, Sekibi ku musaraba (Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ), ku mpapuro z'umusarani zatanzwe na gereza.

Amaze kurekurwa mu Kuboza 1978, [21] ntabwo yasubijwe ku mirimo ye yo kuba umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, maze umuryango we uhohoterwa. Kubera inyandiko yanditse ku karengane ka guverinoma y'igitugu icyo gihe, Ngũgĩ n'umuryango we bahatiwe kubaho mu buhungiro. Gusa nyuma yuko Arap Moi, perezida wa Kenya umaze igihe kinini mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru, yeguye mu 2002, byari byiza ko bagaruka.

Igihe yari muri gereza, Ngũgĩ yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika kwandika amakinamico ye n'ibindi bikorwa mu cyongereza maze atangira kwandika ibihangano bye byose mu rurimi rwe kavukire, Gikuyu.

Igihe amaze muri gereza cyanashishikarije ikinamico Urubanza rwa Dedan Kimathi (1976). Yanditse ibi ku bufatanye na Micere Githae Mugo.

Ubuhungiro

Igihe Ngũgĩ yari mu buhungiro, yakoranye na komite ikorera i Londres ishinzwe kurekura imfungwa za politiki muri Kenya (1982–98). [21] [7] Muri iki gihe, Matigari ma Njiruungi (byahinduwe na Wangui wa Goro mu Cyongereza nka Matigari). Mu 1984, yasuye Porofeseri muri kaminuza ya Bayreuth, naho umwaka wakurikiyeho ni Umwanditsi-utuye mu gace ka Islington i Londres. Yize kandi filime mu kigo cya Dramatiska i Stockholm, muri Suwede (1986).

Ibikorwa bye byaje nyuma birimo Gufungwa, ikarita ye ya gereza (1981), Decolonising the Mind: Politiki y'ururimi mu buvanganzo nyafurika (1986), inyandiko ivuga ko abanditsi b'Abanyafurika bavuga mu ndimi zabo kavukire aho kuba indimi z'i Burayi, kugira ngo bareke gutinda. amasano y'abakoloni no kubaka ubuvanganzo nyabwo bwo muri Afurika, na Matigari (byahinduwe na Wangui wa Goro), (1987), kimwe mu bikorwa bye bizwi cyane, urwenya rushingiye ku mugani wa Gikuyu.

Ngũgĩ yasuye Porofeseri w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya muri kaminuza ya Yale hagati ya 1989 na 1992. [21] Mu 1992, yari umushyitsi muri Kongere y’abanditsi bo muri Afurika yepfo maze amara igihe mu mujyi wa Zwide hamwe na Mzi Mahola, umwaka abaye umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya New York, aho yari afite intebe ya Erich Maria Remarque. Kugeza ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya ndetse akaba yarabaye umuyobozi wa mbere w'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kwandika no guhindura [34] muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine.

Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000

Ku ya 8 Kanama 2004, Ngũgĩ yasubiye muri Kenya mu rwego rwo kuzenguruka ukwezi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ku ya 11 Kanama, abajura binjiye mu nzu ye ifite umutekano mwinshi: bateye Ngũgĩ, basambanya umugore we bamwiba ibintu bitandukanye by'agaciro. Igihe Ngũgĩ yagarukaga muri Amerika arangije urugendo rwe rw'ukwezi, abagabo batanu batawe muri yombi bakekwaho icyo cyaha, harimo na mwishywa wa Ngũgĩ. Mu mpeshyi 2006 ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cyandika Random House cyasohoye igitabo cye cya mbere gishya mu myaka hafi makumyabiri, Wizard of the Crow, cyahinduwe mu Cyongereza na Gikuyu n'umwanditsi.

Ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 2006, ubwo yari i San Francisco muri Hotel Vitale kuri Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ yarahohotewe maze ategekwa kuva muri hoteri n'umukozi. Ibirori byateje rubanda kandi birakaza Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika ndetse n’abanyamuryango ba diaspora nyafurika baba muri Amerika, [36] [37] bituma hoteri isaba imbabazi. Mu bitabo aheruka gukora harimo Globalectics: Theory na Politiki yo Kumenya (2012), n'ikintu cyatanyaguwe kandi gishya: Afurika Renaissance yo muri Afurika, icyegeranyo cy'inyandiko zasohotse mu 2009 zitanga igitekerezo cy'uruhare rukomeye rw'indimi nyafurika mu "izuka ry'urwibutso rwa Afurika. . Ibyo byakurikiwe nibikorwa bibiri byakiriwe neza byandika ku buzima: Inzozi mugihe cyintambara: Memoire yubwana (2010) [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] no munzu yumusobanuzi: Memoire (2012) ), wasobanuwe ko ari "mwiza kandi w'ingenzi" n'ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times, [45] mu bindi bitekerezo byiza. [46] [47] [48]

Igitabo cye cyitwa The Nine Nine, cyanditswe mbere kandi gisohoka muri Gikuyu nka KendaBane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ. Muiyuru: Rugano Rwa Gikuyu na Mumbi (2019), cyahinduwe mu Cyongereza na Ngũgĩ kugira ngo gisohore mu mwaka wa 2020, kandi ni ugusubiramo mu mivugo y’amateka y’inkomoko y'abaturage be. 49] Ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times cyasobanuye ko ari "ubushakashatsi bwanditswe ku murongo ku murongo wa rubanda bugaragaza imigani ya rubanda, imigani n'imigani binyuze mu ndimi zishingiye ku gitsina gore ndetse no muri Afurika." "Ngũũ .Ibintu byose bihurira kumurongo ufite imbaraga kugirango icyenda Cyuzuye kiba inkuru yibitangaza no kwihangana; amateka yerekana ibihe bigezweho n imigani; gutekereza ku ntangiriro nimpera; hamwe na palimpsest yibuka kera na none, nkuko Ngũgĩ atwikiriye igitsina gore Cyuzuye. imbaraga ku nkomoko y'imigani y'abaturage ba Gĩkũyũ bo muri Kenya mu buryo butangaje bwo kwerekana imiterere. "

Fiona Sampson yanditse mu kinyamakuru The Guardian yashoje avuga ko "ari umurimo mwiza wo kwishyira hamwe utanga gusa gutandukanya 'ubuhanzi buhanitse' no kuvuga inkuru gakondo, ahubwo ko butanga ibyo abantu bakeneye cyane: kumva ko ubuzima bufite intego." [52 ]

Muri Werurwe 2021, Icyenda Cyuzuye kibaye igitabo cya mbere cyanditswe mu rurimi kavukire rw’Afurika rwashyizwe ku rutonde rw’igihembo mpuzamahanga cy’ibitabo, aho Ngũgĩ abaye umukandida wa mbere nk'umwanditsi akaba n'umusemuzi w'igitabo kimwe.

Umuryango we

Bane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.

Ibihembo n'icyubahiro

1963: The East Africa Novel Prize
1964: Unesco First Prize for his novel, Weep Not Child, at the First World Festival of Black and African arts at Dakar, Senegal
1973: The Lotus Prize for Literature, at Alma Atta, Khazakhistan
1992 (6 April): The Paul Robeson award for Artistic Excellence, Political Conscience and Integrity, in Philadelphia
1992 (October): honoured by New York University by being appointed to the Erich Maria Remarque Professorship in Languages to "acknowledge extraordinary scholarly achievement, strong leadership in the University Community and the Profession and significant contribution to our educational mission."
1993: The Zola Neale Hurston-Paul Robeson Award, for artistic and scholarly achievement, awarded by the National Council for Black Studies, in Accra, Ghana
1994 (October): The Gwendolyn Brooks Center Contributors Award for significant contribution to The Black Literary Arts
1996: The Fonlon-Nichols Prize, New York, for Artistic Excellence and Human Rights
2001: Nonino International Prize for Literature[56][57]
2002: Zimbabwe International Book Fair, "The Best Twelve African Books of the Twentieth Century."
2002 (July): Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature, UCI.
2002 (October): Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Cabinet Awarded by the International Scientific Committee of the Pio Manzu Centre, Rimini, Italy.
2003 (May): Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
2003 (December): Honorary Life Membership of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA),
2004 (23–28 February): Visiting Fellow, Humanities Research Centre.
2006: Wizard of the Crow is No. 3 on Time magazine's Top 10 Books of the Year (European edition)[58]
2006: Wizard of the Crow is one of The Economist's Best Books of the Year[59][60]
2006: Wizard of the Crow is one of Salon.com's picks for Best Fiction of the year[61]
2006: Wizard of the Crow is the winner of the Winter 2007 Read This! for Lit-Blog Co-Op; The Literary Saloon
2006: Wizard of the Crow highlighted in the Washington Post’s Favorite Books of the year.
2007: Wizard of the Crow - Finalist on the Long List for the 2007 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize.
2007: Wizard of the Crow - Finalist on the NAACP Image Award for Fiction
2007: Wizard of the Crow - finalist on the 2007 Commonwealth Writers' Prize Shortlist for Best Book – Africa.[62]
2007: Wizard of the Crow - Gold medal winner in Fiction for the 2007 California Book Awards[63]
2007: Wizard of the Crow - 2007 Aspen Prize for Literature
2007: Wizard of the Crow – Finalist for the 2007 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Black Literature
2008: Wizard of the Crow nominated for the 2008 IMPAC Dublin Award[64]
2008 (2 April): Order of the Elder of Burning Spear (Kenya Medal – conferred by Kenya’s Ambassador to the United States in Los Angeles).
2008: (October, 24) Grinzane for Africa Award
2008: Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair in Democratic Ideals, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.[65]
2009: Shortlisted for the Man Booker International Prize[66][67]
2011: (17 February) Africa Channel Literary Achievement Award.
2012: National Book Critics Circle Award (finalist Autobiography) for In the House of the Interpreter[68]
2012 (31 March): W.E.B. Du Bois Award, National Black Writer’s Conference, New York.[69]
2013 (October): UCI Medal
2014: Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences[70]
2014: Nicolás Guillén Lifetime Achievement Award for Philosophical Literature[71]
2014 (16 November): Honoured at Archipelago Books' 10th anniversary gala in New York.[72]
2016: Park Kyong-ni Prize[73]
2016 (14 December): Sanaa Theatre Awards/Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of excellence in Kenyan Theatre, Kenya National Theatre.[74]
2017: Los Angeles Review of Books/UCR Creative Writing Lifetime Achievement Award[75]
2018: Grand Prix des mécènes of the GPLA 2018, for his entire body of work.[76]
2019: Premi Internacional de Catalunya Award for his Courageous work and Advocacy for African languages
2021: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize for The Perfect Nine
2021: Elected a Royal Society of Literature International Writer[77]
2022: PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement in International Literature

Impamyabumenyi z'icyubahiro

Albright College, Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa, 1994 University of Leeds, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2004 Walter Sisulu University (formerly U. Transkei), South Africa, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Literature and Philosophy, July 2004. California State University, Dominguez Hills, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005. Dillard University, New Orleans, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005. University of Auckland, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2005 New York University, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Letters, 15 May 2008 University of Dar es Salaam, Honorary doctorate in Literature, 2013[79] University of Bayreuth, Honorary doctorate (Dr. phil. h.c.), 2014[57] KCA University, Kenya, Honorary Doctorate degree of Human Letters (honoris causa) in Education, 27 November 2016 Yale University, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt. h.c.), 2017[80] University of Edinburgh, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt.), 2019[81] Honorary PhD, Roskilde, Denmark

Inyandiko yasohoye

Novels Weep Not, Child (1964), ISBN 978-0143026242 The River Between (1965), ISBN 0-435-90548-1 A Grain of Wheat (1967, 1992), ISBN 0-14-118699-2 Petals of Blood (1977), ISBN 0-14-118702-6 Caitaani Mutharaba-Ini (Devil on the Cross, 1980) Matigari ma Njiruungi, 1986 (Matigari, translated into English by Wangui wa Goro, 1989), ISBN 0-435-90546-5 Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow, 2004), ISBN 9966-25-162-6 The Perfect Nine: The Epic of Gĩkũyũ and Mũmbi (2020) Short story collections A Meeting in the Dark (1974)[82] Secret Lives, and Other Stories, (1976, 1992), ISBN 0-435-90975-4[citation needed] Minutes of Glory and Other Stories (2019)[citation needed] Plays The Black Hermit (1963)[citation needed] This Time Tomorrow (three plays, including the title play, "The Rebels", "The Wound in the Heart" and "This Time Tomorrow") (1970)[83] Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics (1972), ISBN 0-435-18580-2[citation needed] The Trial of Dedan Kimathi (1976), ISBN 0-435-90191-5, African Publishing Group, ISBN 0-949932-45-0 (with Micere Githae Mugo and Njaka)[82] Ngaahika Ndeenda: Ithaako ria ngerekano (I Will Marry When I Want) (1977, 1982) (with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii)[citation needed] Memoirs Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary (1981)[citation needed] Dreams in a Time of War: a Childhood Memoir (2010), ISBN 978-1-84655-377-6[citation needed] In the House of the Interpreter: A Memoir (2012), ISBN 978-0-30790-769-1[citation needed] Birth of a Dream Weaver: A Memoir of a Writer's Awakening (2016), ISBN 978-1-62097-240-3[citation needed] Wrestling with the devil: A Prison Memoir (2018) [84] Other nonfiction Education for a National Culture (1981)[82] Barrel of a Pen: Resistance to Repression in Neo-Colonial Kenya (1983)[82] Mother, Sing For Me (1986)[citation needed] Writing against Neo-Colonialism (1986)[82] Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (1986), ISBN 978-0852555019 Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms (1993), ISBN 978-0852555309 Penpoints, Gunpoints and Dreams: The Performance of Literature and Power in Post-Colonial Africa (The Clarendon Lectures in English Literature 1996), Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-818390-9[85] Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance (2009), ISBN 978-0-465-00946-6[86] Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing (2012), ISBN 978-0231159517 Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing on JSTOR Secure the Base: Making Africa Visible in the Globe (2016), ISBN 978-0857423139 Children's books Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene na Mbaathi i Mathagu, 1986)[citation needed] Njamba Nene and the Cruel Chief (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene na Chibu King'ang'i, 1988)[citation needed] Njamba Nene's Pistol (Bathitoora ya Njamba Nene, 1990), ISBN 0-86543-081-0[citation needed] The Upright Revolution, Or Why Humans Walk Upright, Seagull Press, 2019, ISBN 9780857426475