Imiterere y'ubutaka

Imiterere y'ubutaka, izwi kandi nka pedogenezi, ni inzira yo kuvuka k'ubutaka nkuko bigengwa n'ingaruka z'ahantu, ibidukikije, n'amateka. Ibikorwa bya biogeochemiki ikora kugirango ikore kandi isenye gahunda ( anisotropy ) mubutaka. Ihinduka riganisha ku iterambere ryibice, byitwa ubutaka butambitse, bitandukanijwe nibitandukaniro ryamabara, imiterere, imiterere, na chimie . Ibiranga bibaho muburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubwoko bwubutaka, bukorwa mugusubiza itandukaniro ryibintu byubutaka. ^[1]

Pedogenezi yizwe nkishami rya pedologiya, ubushakashatsi bwubutaka mubidukikije. Andi mashami ya pedologiya ni ubushakashatsi bwimiterere yubutaka, no gutondekanya ubutaka . Ubushakashatsi bwa pedogenezi ni ngombwa mu gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubutaka muri iki gihe ( geografiya yubutaka ) no mubihe bya kera ( paleopedologiya ).

Incamake

Akuma kifashishwa mu gupima ubutaka.

Ubutaka butera imbere binyuze murukurikirane rwimpinduka. ^[2] Intangiriro ni ikirere cyibikoresho byababyeyi byegeranijwe. Mikorobe zitandukanye zubutaka ( bacteria, archaea, fungi ) zirisha ibintu byoroshye ( intungamubiri ) zirekurwa nikirere, kandi bigatanga aside irike hamwe na poroteyine kabuhariwe bigira uruhare mu guhangana n’ikirere. Basize kandi ibisigazwa kama bigira uruhare mukurema humus . ^[3] Imizi y'ibiti hamwe na mycorrhizal fungi ya symbiotic nayo irashobora gukuramo intungamubiri mumabuye. ^[4]

Ibyo wamenya kubutaka

Imiterere yubutaka iterwa byibura nibintu bitanu bya kera bifitanye isano nihindagurika ryubutaka. Nibo: ibikoresho byababyeyi, ikirere, imiterere yubutaka (ubutabazi), ibinyabuzima, nigihe. ^[5] Iyo byerekeranye nikirere, ibinyabuzima, ubutabazi, ibikoresho byababyeyi, nigihe, bigize incamake CLORPT. ^[6]

Ubutaka busanzwe bwababyeyi ibikoresho byamabuye y'agaciro ni :

Quartz : SiO ₂
Calcite : CaCO ₃
Feldspar : KAlSi ₃ O ₈
Mika (biotite): K(Mg,Fe)</br> K(Mg,Fe) (AlSi</br> K(Mg,Fe) O.</br> K(Mg,Fe) ) (F, OH)</br> K(Mg,Fe)

Igishushanyo gisobanura evapotranspiration.

Inagruka zIkirere kubutaka

Imihindagurikire y’ibihe bigira ingaruka ku miterere yubutaka ni imvura igwa neza (ni ukuvuga imvura igabanutse ukuyemo evapotranspiration ) hamwe nubushyuhe, byombi bigira ingaruka ku bipimo byimikorere yimiti, umubiri, nibinyabuzima. ^[7] Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe byombi bigira ingaruka ku binyabuzima byubutaka binyuze mu ngaruka zabyo ku buringanire hagati y’umusaruro w’ibanze no kubora : ikirere gikonje cyangwa cyumye ikirere karubone nkeya yo mu kirere iba nkibintu kama mu gihe ibinyabuzima bito byangirika. ^[8]

Ikirere nicyo kintu cyiganje mu miterere yubutaka, kandi ubutaka bwerekana ibimenyetso biranga uturere tw’ibihe barimo, hamwe n’ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n’ikirere binyuze mu kohereza karubone ibitse mu butaka busubira mu kirere. ^[9] Niba ubushyuhe bushyushye hamwe namazi menshi biboneka mumwirondoro icyarimwe, inzira yikirere, kumera, no gukura kwibihingwa bizagerwaho cyane. Ukurikije uko ikirere cyifashe mu kirere, ikirere gishyuha gikura ku biti. Ibinyuranyo, ibyatsi nibyo byiganjemo ibimera kavukire mu turere twa subhumid na semiarid, mugihe ibihuru hamwe nubushakashatsi bwubwoko butandukanye byiganje ahantu humye. ^[10]

References

↑ Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011). Soil genesis and classification (Sixth ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-813-80769-0. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ Jenny, Hans (1994). Factors of soil formation: a system of quantitative pedology. New York, New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-68128-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ Samuels, Toby; Bryce, Casey; Landenmark, Hanna; Marie-Loudon, Claire; Nicholson, Natasha; Stevens, Adam H.; Cockell, Charles (2020). "Microbial weathering of minerals and rocks in natural environments". In Dontsova, Katerina; Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna; Le Roux, Gaël (eds.). Biogeochemical cycles: ecological drivers and environmental impact. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59–79. doi:10.1002/9781119413332.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-41331-8. S2CID 216360850. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ Augusto, Laurent; Fanin, Nicolas; Bakker, Mark R. (2019). "When plants eat rocks: functional adaptation of roots on rock outcrops". Functional Ecology. 33 (5): 760‒61. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13325. S2CID 164450031. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ Jenny, Hans (1941). Factors of soil formation: a system of qunatitative pedology (PDF). New York: McGraw-Hill. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2023-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s003740050424.pdf
↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233379719
↑ https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04514
↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8200458

[1] Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011). Soil genesis and classification (Sixth ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-813-80769-0. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[2] Jenny, Hans (1994). Factors of soil formation: a system of quantitative pedology. New York, New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-68128-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[3] Samuels, Toby; Bryce, Casey; Landenmark, Hanna; Marie-Loudon, Claire; Nicholson, Natasha; Stevens, Adam H.; Cockell, Charles (2020). "Microbial weathering of minerals and rocks in natural environments". In Dontsova, Katerina; Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna; Le Roux, Gaël (eds.). Biogeochemical cycles: ecological drivers and environmental impact. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59–79. doi:10.1002/9781119413332.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-41331-8. S2CID 216360850. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[4] Augusto, Laurent; Fanin, Nicolas; Bakker, Mark R. (2019). "When plants eat rocks: functional adaptation of roots on rock outcrops". Functional Ecology. 33 (5): 760‒61. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13325. S2CID 164450031. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[Jenny1941-5] Jenny, Hans (1941). Factors of soil formation: a system of qunatitative pedology (PDF). New York: McGraw-Hill. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.

[6] "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2023-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[7] ttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s003740050424.pdf

[8] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/233379719

[Davidson-9] ttps://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04514

[10] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/8200458

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