Gucukura peteroli, gazi no gutema amashyamba bibangamira ikirere ku ruhare rw’Afurika
Hagati ku mugabane wa Afurika, ishyamba rinini kandi rifite akamaro muri iki gihe riratera imbere. Nk’ ishyamba rya kabiri ku isi mu mashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, ikibaya cya Kongo gikubiyemo ibihugu bitandatu na hegitari zigera kuri miliyoni 500.
Agace kangana na kimwe cya kane kicyo kibaya kangana na Amerika ihurira hamwe Ni ahantu h’abantu batandukanye ndetse na kamere, yakira amoko arenga 150 atandukanye.
Kimwe cya gatanu cy’ubwoko bwose bw’isi. Gifasha mu buryo butaziguye imibereho y’abaturage miliyoni 60 batuye mu mashyamba cyangwa hafi yayo kandi igaburira abantu miliyoni 40 baba mu mijyi yegeranye.
Nk’umubumbe munini wa karuboni usigaye ucika, ni ngombwa mu mbaraga zo gukumira ingaruka mbi z’ikirere. Irashobora kandi kwiyongera, nkuko ibyago bibiri biherutse kuburira. Imwe, isuzuma rya mbere ry’akarere ryakozwe n’isuzuma ry’itangazo ry’amashyamba, ryasanze gutema amashyamba muri Kongo byiyongereyeho hafi 5% mu 2021.
Muri Fondasiyo ya Rainforest Foundation UK na EarthInsight, urasobanura neza iterabwoba ryatewe na peteroli na gaze byateganijwe. gucukurwa mu karere.
Mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru basangiye na Treehugger, umwanditsi mukuru wa raporo ya mbere akaba n’umujyanama mukuru muri Climate Focus Marion Ferrat, yagize ati “Ishyamba ryo mu kibaya cya Kongo riri mu masangano.”
Yakomeje agira ati “Gutema amashyamba byari bike ugereranije n’utundi turere dushyuha, ariko turabona ko hagenda hagabanuka gucikamo ibice no gutakaza amashyamba kuva mu 2020. Niba iyi nzira ikomeje, dushobora gutakaza ishyamba rinini risigaye ridahungabana muri tropike hamwe n’agaciro gakomeye kandi kadasimburwa kuri urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ikirere, n’abantu. ”
Iherezo rya Kwemera Kurinda ibidashoboka?
Iyo ugereranije n’andi mashyamba abiri azwi cyane ku isi,Amazone yo muri Amerika yepfo n’amashyamba yo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya, Kongo yahuye n’ibitero byibasiwe n’ibikorwa by’abantu kugeza ubu.
Mu gihe amashyamba yo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya ari isoko ya karubone kandi Amazone iri hafi, Congo iracyafite toni miliyoni 600 za metero nyinshi za dioxyde de carbone kuruta uko isohora buri mwaka, bivuze ko irwanya hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibyuka byoherezwa muri Afurika.
Akamaro kayo haba kuri iyi si ndetse no ku baturage bayo ndetse n’ahatuye abantu ni imwe mu mpamvu zituma Isuzuma ry’amashyamba ry’ibanze ku isuzuma ryaryo rya mbere ry’akarere kuri Kongo, Isuzuma ry’amashyamba, rihuzwa n’isosiyete ngishwanama ya politiki y’ikirere Climate Focus, ikurikirana iterambere ry’isi ku bijyanye n’amatangazo y’amashyamba ku isi, nk’itangazo ry’abayobozi ba Glasgow ku mashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, aho ibihugu birenga 140 byasezeranije guhagarika hanyuma bigasazura amashyamba bitarenze 2030.
Ibyavuye muri iri suzuma ry’akarere bireba kugeza ubu, umujyanama w’ikirere witwa Sanggeet Mithra Manirajah yabwiye Treehugger, Kongo “yarinzwe mu buryo bworoshye, binyuze mu guhuza ubwinshi bw’abaturage mu cyaro, umutekano muke wa politiki, kubura ibikorwa remezo no gutwara abantu, ndetse n’ingaruka nyinshi ziterwa n’ishoramari ryigenga.”
Ariko, hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko ibyo bihinduka. Kuva mu 2015 kugeza 2020, gutema amashyamba byagabanutse muri aka karere, nubwo byakomeje gutakaza hegitari miliyoni 2.2 z’amashyamba kandi bigaragara ko hegitari miliyoni 1.5 zangiritse.
Icyakora, mu 2021, gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Kongo byiyongereyeho hegitari 30.000, ni ukuvuga 4,9% ugereranije n’ibiciro bya 2018 kugeza 2020, bisimbuka kuri hegitari 636.000 byatakaye.
Manirajah agira ati”Bizakomeza gukurikiranwa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba iyi nzira izakomeza.”
Ibihugu bitandatu bigize ikibaya cya Kongo birimo Kameruni, Repubulika ya Centrafrique, Gabon, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC), na Repubulika ya Kongo byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya Glasgow.
Nyamara kugira ngo rwose uhagarike kandi uhindure amashyamba bitarenze 2030, igipimo cyo gutakaza amashyamba cyagomba kugabanukaho 10% buri mwaka hagati ya 2020 na 2030. Gusa Gabon na Repubulika ya Kongo ni bo bafite igipimo cy’amashyamba bakurikije iyo ntego.
Impamvu nyamukuru itera kwangiza amashyamba no kwangirika muri Kongo ikomeje kuba ubuhinzi buciriritse butunzwe no gushyiraho imihanda mishya n’imidugudu. Undi mushoferi watakaje amashyamba yiyongereye muri 2021 ni amashyamba yubukorikori cyangwa ibikorwa by’amashyamba ku muntu bitandukanye n’ubunini bw’inganda.
Ariko, aho gutema amashyamba no kuyasazura nabyo bifite akamaro.
Manirajah abisobanura agira ati “Mu gihe ubuhinzi butunzwe n’abahinzi bato bato bo mu cyaro aribwo bwabaye intandaro yo gutema amashyamba no kwangirika mu kibaya cya Kongo hagati ya 2015 na 2020, ubuhinzi butunzwe ahanini bugira ingaruka ku mashyamba ya kabiri kandi yacitsemo ibice.”
Yongeraho Ati “Kuba hari ibikorwa by’inganda bigaragara cyane mu mashyamba y’ibanze kandi bifungura ahahoze amashyamba adashobora kugerwaho cyangwa kure cyane mu bindi bikorwa byangiza amashyamba, nko gushinga imidugudu, imihanda, n’ubuhinzi.”
Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na FAO muri kariya karere bwerekanye ko 80% byo gutema amashyamba bibera mu birometero bitatu (hafi kilometero ebyiri) z’umuhanda cyangwa gutura, naho 11% byo gutema amashyamba hagati ya 2015 na 2020 byabereye mu mashyamba yari yaraciwe bwa mbere n’abantu n’ibikorwa.
Manirajah agira ati “Ibi bikorwa by’ubucuruzi mu mashyamba y’ibanze bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bubiko bwa karubone no ku binyabuzima bitandukanye mu gihe kirekire kuruta guhindura ubuhinzi bw’amashyamba yacitsemo ibice ndetse n’ayisumbuye.Ingaruka z’ibi bikorwa rero zigomba gukurikiranirwa hafi no kugabanywa.”
Kimwe mu bikorwa by’inganda zishobora kubangamira ishyamba rya Kongo mu bihe biri imbere ni ugucukura peteroli na gaze. Mu gihe raporo yashyize ahagaragara urutonde runini rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, gutema ibiti, n’ubuhinzi nk’ibikorwa byugarije cyane amashyamba y’ibanze, yavuze ko hari ibimenyetso bibangamira urwego rwa peteroli.
Mu bihe byashize, gucukura amabuye y’agaciro mu bihugu bya Kongo ntibyaberaga mu ishyamba, ariko, muri Nyakanga 2022, DRC yateje cyamunara impushya zo gucukura peteroli mu turere turinzwe. Byongeye kandi, uruhushya rwo gucukura amabuye y’agaciro, peteroli, na gazi rwuzuzanya n’amashyamba adafite amashyamba muri 48% y’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bya Kongo.
Akaga katewe n’iterambere ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ni byo byibanze kuri raporo ya kabiri yiswe “Kongo mu masangano Ibibazo bishya byo kwagura peteroli na gaze bibangamira ikirere, amashyamba, n’abaturage.”
Raporo yabanje kureba inzira nini muri Afurika muri rusange Kugeza ubu, hafi 9.5% by’ubutaka bw’umugabane wa Afurika butwikiriwe n’umusaruro wa peteroli cyangwa gaze, ariko ibyo bishobora gukuba kane mu myaka iri imbere kuko 37.7% by’umugabane uteganijwe guhagarika peteroli na gaze.
Ikirushijeho kuba kibi ku kirere, ibice birenga 30% by’ubushakashatsi bwa peteroli na gaze ku mugabane wa Afurika biboneka mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha kandi 90% by’ibyo bice biri muri bibaya bya Kongo. Ibice birenga 35% by’amashyamba ya Kongo bitwikiriwe n’ibice birenga 150 bya peteroli na gaze biri mu musaruro cyangwa byagenewe ubushakashatsi. Ako ni agace k’ishyamba hafi kabiri ubunini bw’Ubudage.