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Amafaranga y'amayero

Amayero ( ikimenyetso € cyangwa EUR ) ni ifaranga ryemewe rya 20 m'ubihugu 27 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU). Iri tsinda ry’ibihugu rizwi nka eurozone cyangwa ku mugaragaro, akarere ka euro, kandi rikaba rikubiyemo abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 344 kuva 2023. Amayero agabanijwemo amafaranga 100. [1] [2]

Ifaranga rya Euro
ama euro
Inoti z'Amayero

Ifaranga rikoreshwa kandi ku mugaragaro n'inzego z’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, na microstate enye z’Abanyaburayi zitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, [2] Intara y’Ubwongereza yo mu mahanga ya Akrotiri na Dhekelia, ndetse na Montenegro na Kosovo . Hanze y’Uburayi, uturere twinshi tw’abanyamuryango b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nabo bakoresha amayero nkifaranga ryabo. Byongeye kandi, barenga miriyoni 200 zabantu kwisi yose bakoresha amafaranga yinjijwe muma euro .

Amayero n’ifaranga rya kabiri rinini mu bubiko kimwe n’ifaranga rya kabiri ryagurishijwe cyane ku isi nyuma y’idolari rya Amerika . [3] [4] [5] [6] kuva mu Ukuboza 2019 hamwe n'amayero arenga tiriyari 1.3 mu kuzenguruka, amayero afite imwe mu ndangagaciro ndende ihuriweho n'inoti n'ibiceri bikwirakwiye ku isi. [7] [8]

Izina euro ryemejwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 16 Ukuboza 1995 i Madrid . [9] Amayero yinjijwe ku masoko y’imari ku isi nk’ifaranga ry’ibaruramari ku ya 1 Mutarama 1999, asimbura icyahoze ari ishami ry’ifaranga ry’iburayi (ECU) ku kigereranyo cya 1: 1 (ku $ 1.1743). Ibiceri by'ama euro hamwe n'inoti byinjiye mu kuzenguruka ku ya 1 Mutarama 2002, bituma iba ifaranga rya buri munsi ry'abanyamuryango bayo ba mbere, kandi muri Werurwe 2002 ryari ryarasimbuye burundu amafaranga yahoze yose. [10]

Hagati yUkuboza 1999 na Ukuboza 2002, amayero yagurishaga munsi y’idolari ry’Amerika, ariko kuva ubwo yagurishijwe hafi y’amadolari y’Amerika cyangwa arenga, agera ku madolari 1.60 ku ya 18 Nyakanga 2008 kandi kuva icyo gihe agaruka hafi y’igipimo cyayo cya mbere. Ku ya 13 Nyakanga 2022, ayo mafaranga yombi yagaragaye ku nshuro ya mbere mu myaka hafi makumyabiri ishize bitewe n'imyivumbagatanyo n’uko Uburusiya bwateye Ukraine muri 2022 .

Ibiranga

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Ubuyobozi

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Icyicaro cya Banki Nkuru y’i Burayi i Frankfurt am Main

Amayero acungwa kandi akayoborwa na Banki Nkuru y’Uburayi (ECB, Frankfurt am Main ) hamwe na sisiteme ya mayero , igizwe na banki nkuru y’ibihugu by’akarere ka euro. Nka banki nkuru yigenga, ECB ifite ububasha bwonyine bwo gushyiraho politiki yifaranga . Euro system igira uruhare mu gucapa no gukwirakwiza inoti n'ibiceri mu bihugu byose bigize uyu muryango, no mu bikorwa bya sisitemu yo kwishyura ama euro.

Amasezerano ya Maastricht yo muri 1992 ategeka ibihugu byinshi bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kwemeza amayero nyuma yo kubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho by’amafaranga n’ingengo y’imari, nubwo ibihugu byose byitabiriye kubikora. Danimarike yagiranye amasezerano yo gusonerwa, [11] mu gihe Suwede (yinjiye mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi muri 1995, nyuma y’amasezerano yo muri Maastricht yashyizweho umukono) yanze ko amayero mu matora ya kamarampaka atubahirizwa muri 2003, kandi yirengagije inshingano yo kwemeza amayero atabonye amafaranga asabwa ningengo yimari. Ibihugu byose byinjiye mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kuva muri 1993 byiyemeje kwemeza amayero mu gihe gikwiye. Amasezerano ya Maastricht yaje guhindurwa n’amasezerano ya Nice, [12] yafunze icyuho mu masezerano ya Maastricht na Roma.

Abanyamuryango ba Eurozone

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Abanyamuryango 20 bitabiriye ni  

Abanyamuryango ba EU ntibakoresha ama euro

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Ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ntabwo biri muri Euro zone ni Buligariya, Repubulika ya Ceki, Danimarike, Hongiriya, Polonye, Rumaniya, na Suwede .

Ejo hazaza abanyamuryango ba euro zone

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Guverinoma ya Bulugariya ifite intego ko lev yo muri Bulugariya yasimburwa na euro ku ya 1 Mutarama 2025.

Guverinoma ya Rumaniya ifite intego yo gusimbuza leu y'Abaromani na euro ku ya 1 Mutarama 2026. [13]

Abanyamuryango b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Repubulika ya Tchèque, Hongiriya, Polonye, na Suwede bategetswe kwemera ama euro, amaherezo nubwo badafite itariki isabwa yo kwakirwa, kandi guverinoma zabo ntizifite gahunda yo guhinduranya. Danmarike yaganiriye ku burenganzira bwo kudasabwa guhinduka.

Abandi bakoresha

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Microstates n'amasezerano y'amafaranga :   Intara zidasanzwe za EU   Abarera umwe   Ifaranga ryibihugu byinshi ryashyizwe mu ma euro. Ibi bihugu ni:  

Ibiceri n'inoti

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Ibiceri

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Amayero agabanijwemo amafaranga 100 (nanone yitwa amafaranga yama euro, cyane cyane iyo ayatandukanije nandi mafaranga, kandi avugwa nkayo kuruhande rw'ibiceri byose). Mubikorwa byo gushyiraho amategeko ashyiraho uburyo bwinshi bwama euro byandikwa nta s, nubwo ari ikoreshwa ryicyongereza risanzwe. [14] [15] Bitabaye ibyo, icyongereza gisanzwe gikoreshwa, [16] hamwe n'ibice byinshi byaho nka Kentime mu bufaransa.

Ibiceri byose bizenguruka bifite uruhande rumwe rwerekana izina cyangwa agaciro, n'ikarita inyuma. Bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'indimi mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, hakoreshwa inyandiko y’ikilatini y’ikilatini ya euro (bitandukanye n’ikigereki gisanzwe cyangwa Ikigirilike) hamwe n’imibare y’icyarabu (indi nyandiko ikoreshwa ku mpande z’igihugu mu ndimi z’igihugu, ariko izindi nyandiko kuri rusange uruhande rwirindwa). Ku madini usibye ibiceri bya 1-, 2- na 5-cent, ikarita yerekanaga gusa ibihugu 15 bigize uyu muryango byari abanyamuryango igihe euro yatangizwaga. Guhera mu 2007 cyangwa 2008 (bitewe n'igihugu), ikarita ishaje yasimbuwe n'ikarita y'Uburayi nayo yerekana ibihugu byo hanze y’Uburayi. , 2- na 5-cent, ariko, bigumana igishushanyo cyabyo cya kera, byerekana ikarita y’imiterere y’Uburayi hamwe n’ibihugu 15 bigize uyu mwaka wa 2002 byazamuye mu buryo runaka hejuru y’ikarita. Impande zose zihuriweho zakozwe na Luc Luycx . Ibiceri kandi bifite uruhande rwigihugu rwerekana ishusho yatoranijwe nigihugu cyatanze igiceri. Ibiceri bya Euro biva mubihugu byose bigize umuryango birashobora gukoreshwa mubuntu mubihugu byose byemeje amayero.

Ibiceri bitangwa mu madorari ni € 2, € 1, 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c, 2c, na 1c . Kugira ngo wirinde gukoresha ibiceri bito bito, bimwe mu bikorwa by’amafaranga byegeranijwe kugeza ku mafaranga atanu yegereye mu Buholandi na Irilande [17] [18] (ku masezerano ku bushake) no muri Finilande n'Ubutaliyani (n'amategeko). [19] Iyi myitozo yaciwe intege na komisiyo, kimwe n’imikorere y’amaduka amwe yo kwanga kwakira inoti zifite agaciro gakomeye. [20]

Ibiceri byo kwibuka bifite agaciro ka € 2 mu maso byatanzwe hamwe nimpinduka mugushushanya kuruhande rwigihugu cyigiceri. Muri byo harimo ibiceri byombi byakunze gutangwa, nk'igiceri cya € 2 cyo kwibuka cyo kwizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka mirongo itanu isinywa ry'amasezerano y'i Roma, ndetse n'ibiceri byatanzwe mu gihugu, nk'igiceri cyo kwibuka imikino Olempike yo muri 2004 yatanzwe n'Ubugereki. Ibi biceri byemewe n'amategeko muri eurozone. Ibiceri by'abakusanya hamwe n'andi madini atandukanye nabyo byatanzwe, ariko ibyo ntibigenewe gukwirakwizwa muri rusange, kandi biremewe n'amategeko gusa mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango wabitanze. [21]

Gucapa ibiceri

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Ibigo byinshi byemerewe gucapa ibiceri byama euro:  

Inoti

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Ibiceri by'ama Euro hamwe n'inoti zitandukanye.

Igishushanyo cy'inoti ya euro gifite ibishushanyo bisanzwe kumpande zombi. Igishushanyo cyakozwe nuwashushanyaga umunya Otirishiya ni Robert Kalina . [22] Inyandiko zitangwa muri € 500, € 200, € 100, € 50, € 20, € 10, na 5 . Buri inoti ifite ibara ryayo kandi yeguriwe igihe cyubuhanzi bwu burayi. Imbere yinyandiko igaragaramo idirishya cyangwa amarembo mugihe inyuma ifite ibiraro, bishushanya guhuza leta mubumwe hamwe ni gihe kizaza. Mu gihe ibishushanyo byitwa ko bidafite ibimenyetso biranga umuntu, ibishushanyo mbonera byakozwe na Robert Kalina byari ibiraro byihariye, birimo Rialto na Pont de Neuilly, hanyuma bigahinduka rusange; ibishushanyo byanyuma biracyafite isano ya hafi na prototypes yihariye; bityo ntabwo ari rusange. Inzibutso zasaga bihagije ninzibutso zi gihugu zitandukanye kugirango zishimishe abantu bose.

Urukurikirane rwa Europa, cyangwa urukurikirane rwa kabiri, rugizwe nokwereka atandatu kandi ntirukubiyemo amayero 500 hamwe no gutanga ibicuruzwa byahagaritswe guhera ku ya 27 Mata 2019. [23] Nyamara, icyiciro cya mbere n'icya kabiri inoti za euro, harimo amayero 500, zikomeje kuba isoko ryemewe n'amategeko mu karere ka euro. [23]

Ukuboza 2021, ECB yatangaje gahunda yayo yo kuvugurura inoti za euro muri 2024. Itsinda ngishwanama ryinsanganyamatsiko, rigizwe numunyamuryango umwe muri buri gihugu cyama euro, ryatoranijwe kugirango ritange ibitekerezo byinsanganyamatsiko muri ECB. Ibyifuzo bizatorwa na baturage; ndetse amarushanwa yo gushushanya nayo azakorwa. [24]

Gutanga uburyo bw'inoti

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ibiro bya NCBs

Kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama 2002, amabanki nkuru y’igihugu (NCBs) na ECB batanze inoti ya euro ku bufatanye. Euro system NCBs zirasabwa kwakira inoti ya euro yashyizwe mubikorwa na bandi banyamuryango ba Euro system kandi izo noti ntizisubizwa. ECB itanga 8% by'agaciro k'inoti zose zatanzwe na Euro system. [25] Mu bikorwa, inoti za ECB zishyirwa mu bikorwa na NCBs, bityo hakaba hari inshingano zihuye na ECB. Iyi myenda itwara inyungu ku gipimo nyamukuru cyo gutera inkunga ECB. Andi 92% y’inoti y’amayero yatanzwe na NCBs ugereranije n’imigabane yabo y’urufunguzo rw’imari shingiro rya ECB, [25] ibarwa ukoresheje umugabane w’igihugu cy’abatuye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) n’umugabane w’igihugu ku musaruro w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ufite uburemere buke. [26]

Gucapa inoti

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Ibihugu bigize uyu muryango byemerewe gucapa cyangwa gukora komisiyo yo gucapa inoti. kuva mu ugushyingo 2022 , izi nizo basohoye:  

Kwishura neza, kohereza amafaranga ya elegitoronike

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Imari shingiro muri EU irashobora kwimurwa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose kuva muri leta ijya mu bindi. Ihererekanyabubasha ry'imbere muri euro rifatwa nkigikorwa cy'imbere mu gihugu kandi ryishyura amafaranga yimbere yimbere mu gihugu. [27] Ibi birimo ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ndetse n’ibiri hanze y’ama euro bitanga ibicuruzwa bikorwa mu ma euro. [28] Kwishyuza ikarita yinguzanyo / kubikuza no kubikuza ATM muri eurozone nabyo bifatwa nkibikorwa byimbere mu gihugu; icyakora impapuro zishingiye ku kwishura, nka sheki, ntabwo zashyizwe mu bikorwa bityo ziracyari mu gihugu. ECB yashyizeho kandi sisitemu yo gukuraho, TARGET, kubucuruzi bunini bwama euro. [29]

Amateka

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Intangiriro

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Amayero yashyiriweho n’ibiteganijwe mu masezerano ya Maastricht muri 1992. Kugira uruhare mu ifaranga, ibihugu bigize uyu muryango bigamije kuba byujuje ibisabwa, urugero nk’ingengo y’imari iri munsi ya 3% ya GDP, igipimo cy’umwenda kiri munsi ya 60% ya GDP (byombi byaje kuvugwa cyane nyuma yo gutangira), ifaranga rito, hamwe n'inyungu hafi yikigereranyo cya EU. Mu masezerano ya Maastricht, Ubwongereza na Danimarike byahawe ubusonerwe ku cyifuzo cyabo cyo kwimukira mu cyiciro cy’ubumwe bw’amafaranga bigatuma hashyirwaho amayero.

Izina "euro" ryakiriwe ku mugaragaro i Madrid ku ya 16 Ukuboza 1995. [9] Umubiligi Esperantiste Germain Pirlot, wahoze ari umwarimu w’igifaransa n’amateka, ashimwe kuba yaravuze izina ry’ifaranga rishya yoherereje ibaruwa muri Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Uburayi icyo gihe, Jacques Santer, yerekana izina "euro" ku ya 4 Kanama 1995.

Bitewe no gutandukana mu masezerano y'igihugu yo kuzenguruka hamwe n'imibare igaragara, ihinduka ryose hagati yifaranga ryigihugu ryagombaga gukorwa hakoreshejwe inzira mpandeshatu binyuze m'umayero. Indangagaciro zisobanutse zama euro ukurikije igipimo cyivunjisha amafaranga yinjiye muri euro yerekanwa urebye iburyo.

Ibiciro byagenwe n’inama y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, hashingiwe ku cyifuzo cya Komisiyo y’Uburayi gishingiye ku gipimo cy’isoko ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1998. Bashyizweho kugirango Igice kimwe cy’ifaranga ry’iburayi (ECU) kingana na euro imwe. Ishami ry’ifaranga ry’iburayi ryari ishami ry’ibaruramari ryakoreshejwe n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, rishingiye ku mafaranga y’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango; ntabwo yari ifaranga muburyo bwayo. Ntibashoboraga gushyirwaho mbere, kubera rero ECU yaterwaga n’ifaranga ry’ifaranga ry’ifaranga ritari amayero (cyane sterling ) uwo munsi.

Uburyo bwakoreshejwe mugukosora igipimo cyo guhindura hagati ya drachma y'ikigereki na euro byari bitandukanye kuva euro icyo gihe yari imaze imyaka ibiri. Mugihe igipimo cyo guhinduranya amafaranga cumi nimwe yambere cyagenwe hasigaye amasaha make ngo euro itangwe, igipimo cyo guhindura drachma yikigereki cyagenwe amezi menshi mbere.

Ifaranga ryatangijwe mu buryo butari mu mubiri ( sheki y'abagenzi, ihererekanyabubasha rya elegitoronike, amabanki, n'ibindi) mu gicuku cyo ku ya 1 Mutarama 1999, igihe amafaranga y'igihugu y'ibihugu byitabiriye (eurozone) yaretse kubaho mu bwigenge. Igipimo cy’ivunjisha cyafunzwe ku gipimo cyagenwe hagati yabo. Amayero rero yabaye umusimbura w’ishami ry’ifaranga ry’iburayi (ECU). Inoti n'ibiceri by'ifaranga rya kera, ariko, byakomeje gukoreshwa nk'isoko ryemewe n'amategeko kugeza igihe inoti nshya n'ibiceri byatangijwe ku ya 1 Mutarama 2002.

Igihe cyo guhindura igihe inoti n’ibiceri byavunjwaga n’ibya euro byamaze hafi amezi abiri, kugeza ku ya 28 Gashyantare 2002. Itariki yemewe ifaranga ryigihugu ryaretse gutanga isoko ryemewe ryatandukanye kuva mubihugu bigize umuryango. Itariki ya mbere yari mu Budage, aho ikimenyetso cyahagaritswe ku mugaragaro ku isoko ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2001, nubwo igihe cyo kuvunja cyamaze amezi abiri. Ndetse na nyuma yuko amafaranga ashaje ahagaritse gutanga amasoko yemewe n'amategeko, bakomeje kwemerwa na banki nkuru yigihugu mugihe cyimyaka kuva kumyaka myinshi kugeza igihe kitazwi (icya nyuma muri Otirishiya, Ubudage, Irilande, Esitoniya na Lativiya mubinoti no mubiceri, no m'ububiligi, Luxembourg, Siloveniya na Silowakiya mu inoti gusa). Ibiceri bya mbere byahindutse bidahinduka ni escudo yo muri Porutugali, yahagaritse kugira agaciro k'ifaranga nyuma y'itariki ya 31 Ukuboza 2002, nubwo inoti zagumye zivunjisha kugeza muri 2022.

Ikimenyetso cy'ifaranga

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Ikimenyetso cy'amayero; logo kandi yandikishijwe mu intoki

Ikimenyetso kidasanzwe cy'ifaranga ry'amayero ni (€) cyateguwe nyuma yubushakashatsi rusange bwagabanije icumi m'ubyifuzo mirongo itatu byambere bikagera kuri bibiri. Icyo gihe Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Uburayi ( Jacques Santer ) na Komiseri w’Uburayi bashinzwe amayero ( Yves-Thibault de Silguy ) bahisemo igishushanyo mbonera. [30]

Ku bijyanye n'icyo kimenyetso, Komisiyo y’Uburayi yavuze mu izina ry’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi :   Komisiyo y’Uburayi yanagaragaje ikirango cya euro gifite igipimo nyacyo. Gushyira ikimenyetso cyifaranga ugereranije numubare uratandukanye bitewe na leta, ariko kubisomwa mucyongereza byatangajwe ninzego z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ikimenyetso (cyangwa ISO cyujuje ubuziranenge "EUR") kigomba kubanziriza umubare. [31]

Ikibazo cya Euro zone

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Ibihugu byi Burayi byimyaka 10, mbere yubukungu bukomeye muburayi inkwano zagendanaga hamwe muburinganire 
  Ubugereki ingwate yimyaka 10
 
Ingengo yimari ya euro zone ugereranije na Amerika n'Ubwongereza.

Nyuma y’ihungabana ry’imari muri Amerika muri 2008, ubwoba bw’ikibazo cy’imyenda yigenga cyabaye muri 2009 mu bashoramari ku bijyanye n’ibihugu bimwe by’Uburayi, aho ibintu byari byifashe nabi cyane mu ntangiriro zo muri 2010 . Ubugereki bwibasiwe cyane, ariko bagenzi ba Euro zone Shipure, Irilande, Ubutaliyani, Porutugali, na Esipanye nabo bagize ingaruka zikomeye. [32] [33] Ibi bihugu byose byakoresheje amafaranga y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi usibye Ubutaliyani, n’umuterankunga ukomeye muri EFSF. [34] Kugira ngo yinjizwe mu karere ka euro, ibihugu byagombaga kubahiriza ibipimo bimwe na bimwe byo guhuza, ariko ibisobanuro by’ibi bipimo byagabanutse kubera ko bitashyizwe mu bikorwa n’urwego rumwe rukomeye mu bihugu. [35]

Ishami ry’ubukungu ryita ku bukungu ry’umwaka wo muri 2011 rivuga ko: akarere ka euro gafatwa nk’umuryango umwe, umwanya wacyo ubukungu n’imari usa nkaho utameze nabi kandi mu buryo bumwe na bumwe, kuruta kuba uw'Amerika cyangwa Amerika Ubwongereza "hamwe n’igihombo cy’ingengo y’akarere ka euro muri rusange kiri hasi cyane kandi umwenda wa leta y’akarere ka euro / igipimo cya GDP kingana na 86% muri 2010 cyari hafi urwego rumwe n’Amerika. Baranditse bati: "Byongeye kandi, imyenda y'abikorera ku giti cyabo mu karere ka euro muri rusange iri hasi cyane ugereranyije no mu bukungu bwa Anglo Saxon bukoreshwa cyane". Abanditsi banzuye bavuga ko ikibazo "ari politiki nk’ubukungu" kandi ingaruka z’uko akarere ka euro kadashyigikiwe n " ibikoresho by’inzego (n’ubufatanye) by’igihugu". [36]

Ikibazo cyakomeje kuba S&P imanura igipimo cy’inguzanyo cy’ibihugu icyenda byo mu karere k’amayero, harimo n’Ubufaransa, hanyuma bimanura ikigega cyose cy’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi.

Kuringaniza amateka - kugeza muri 1931 igihe Ubudage bwari buremerewe n’imyenda, ubushomeri n’ubukungu mu gihe Ubufaransa na Amerika byari bifite imyenda ikomeye. y'itabiriwe mu mpeshyi yo muri 2012 [37] nubwo Ubudage bwakiriye imburi yerekana imyenda yonyine. [38]

Imikoreshereze itaziguye kandi itaziguye

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Inyandikorugero:Eurozone labelled map interiorAmayero niyo faranga ryo nyine ry’i bihugu 20 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi : Otirishiya, Ububiligi, Korowasiya, Kupuro, Esitoniya, Finlande, Ubufaransa, Ubudage, Ubugereki, Irilande, Ubutaliyani, Lativiya, Lituwaniya, Luxembourg, Malta, Ubuholandi, Porutugali,Silovakiya, Sloweniya, na Espanye. Ibi bihugu bigize " euro zone ", abagera kuri 347 miliyoni z'abantu bose hamwe muri 2023 . [39] Nk’uko amasezerano y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi abigaragaza, amayero nayo yagizwe ifaranga ryo nyine kandi ryemewe mu zindi micro state enye z’i Burayi zahawe uburenganzira bwo gucukura (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino n'Umujyi wa Vatikani). Hamwe n’abanyamuryango bose uretse umwe (Danimarike) Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi basabwa kwinjira mu gihe ubukungu bwemewe, hamwe n’abanyamuryango b’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kwagura amayero biteganijwe gukomeza.

Yemeranijwe gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nta gucukura uburenganzira

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Amayero kandi ni ifaranga ryonyine mu turere dutatu two mu mahanga two mu Bufaransa tutari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, aribo Saint Barthélemy, Saint Pierre na Miquelon, hamwe n’ubutaka bw’Abafaransa bw’Amajyepfo na Antaragitika, ndetse no mu Ntara y’Ubwongereza yo mu karere ka Akrotiri na Dhekelia . [40]

Gukoresha uruhande rumwe

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Amayero yemejwe ku buryo bumwe nk'ifaranga ryonyine rya Montenegro na Kosovo. Yakoreshejwe kandi nk'ifaranga ry'ubucuruzi mu mahanga muri Cuba kuva muri 1998, Siriya kuva muri 2006, na Venezuwela kuva 2018. Mu mwaka wo muri 2009, Zimbabwe yaretse ifaranga ryaho maze ishyiraho amafaranga akomeye ku isi yose, aho harimo amayero n'amadorari y'Amerika. Imikoreshereze itaziguye yama euro hanze yubuyobozi bwa EU bugira ingaruka kuri miliyoni 3.

Amafaranga yinjiye mu ma euro

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Hanze ya eurozone, ibihugu bibiri bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bifite ifaranga ryinjizwa mu ma euro, bikaba bibanziriza kwinjira mu karere ka euro. Korone yo muri Danimarike na Buligariya byatewe kubera uruhare rwabo muri ERM II .

Byongeye kandi, ibihugu n’intara 21 byose bitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bifite amafaranga yinjizwa mu buryo butaziguye na euro harimo ibihugu 14 byo muri Afurika yo ku mugabane wa Afurika ( CFA franc ), ibihugu bibiri byo ku birwa bya Afurika ( amafaranga Comorian na escudo ya Cape Verdean ), bitatu Intara za pasifika yubufaransa ( CFP franc ) nibihugu bibiri bya Balkan, Bosiniya na Herzegovina ( ikimenyetso cyahinduwe cya Bosiniya na Herzegovina ) na Makedoniya y'Amajyaruguru ( denar ya Makedoniya ). Ku ya 1 Mutarama 2010, dobra ya São Tomé na Príncipe yahujwe ku mugaragaro na euro. [41] Byongeye kandi, dirham yo muri Maroke ihambiriye ku gatebo k'ifaranga, harimo amayero n'amadolari y'Abanyamerika, hamwe na euro ihabwa uburemere buke.

  • Igipimo cy’ivunjisha n’amateka ugereranije n’andi mafaranga ni 32 (Banki Nkuru y’Uburayi): ihuza

Ibitekerezo bya politiki

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Usibye intego z’ubukungu mu kwinjiza amayero, ishyirwaho ryayo naryo ryagize ishingiro nkuburyo bwo kwimakaza ubumwe bw’irangamuntu hagati y’abaturage b’i Burayi. Urugero, ibyatangajwe kuri iyi ntego byavuzwe na Duisenberg, Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru yu burayi, muri 1998, Laurent Fabius, Minisitiri w’imari w’Ubufaransa, muri 2000, na Romano Prodi Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Uburayi, muri 2002. Ariko, nyuma yimyaka 15 itangizwa ryama euro, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nta kimenyetso cyerekana ko bwagize ingaruka ku myumvire isanganywe iranga Uburayi byose. [42]

Euro mu ndimi zitandukanye

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Amazina yemewe yifaranga ni euro kubice bikuru hamwe na cent kubice bito (ijana) no gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro m'undimi nyinshi zama euro; ukurikije ECB, indimi zose zigomba gukoresha imyandikire imwe kuri nominative single. [43] Ibi birashobora kuvuguruza amategeko asanzwe yo gushiraho ijambo mundimi zimwe.

Bulugariya yagiranye ibiganiro bidasanzwe na euro mu nyuguti ya cyirilike yo muri Bulugariya yanditswe evро ntabwo ari euro (euro) mu nyandiko zose zemewe. Mu nyandiko y'Ikigereki ijambo (evró) rikoreshwa; ibiceri "cent" by'ikigereki byerekanwe. Imyitozo yemewe ku mategeko y’icyongereza amategeko y’Uburayi ni ugukoresha ijambo euro nk’uburinganire n’ubwinshi, [44] nubwo Ubuyobozi bukuru bwa komisiyo y’Uburayi bw’ubuhinduzi buvuga ko uburyo bwinshi bw’ama euro n’amafarang bugomba gukoreshwa mu Cyongereza. [45] Ijambo euro rivugwa mu buryo butandukanye ukurikije amategeko yo kuvuga mu ndimi zitandukanye zikoreshwa; mu kidage , mu Cyongereza, mu Gifaransa n'ibindi.

Muri make:

Ururimi Izina IPA
Mu ndimi nyinshi z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi euro Croatian: [ěuro], Czech: [ˈƐuro], Danish: [ˈŒwʁo], Dutch: [ˈØːroː], Estonian: [ˈEu̯ro], Finnish: [ˈEu̯ro], French: [øʁo], Italian: [ˈƐwro], Polish: [ˈƐwrɔ], Portuguese: [ˈEwɾɔ] cyangwa  , Slovak: [ˈEwrɔ], Spanish: [ˈEwɾo]
Buligariya, Igiseribiya [lower-alpha 1] евро evro Bulgarian: [ˈƐvro], Serbian: [ěʋro]
Ikidage Euro  
Ikigereki ευρώ  
Hongiriya euró   cyangwa 
Ikilatini eiro  
Lituwaniya euras
Maltese ewro  
Slovene evro Slovene: [ˈÉːʋrɔ]

Kubijyanye na fonetika, gukoresha ubwinshi(€ 6,00 cyangwa 6.00 €), reba Ururimi na euro .

Reba kandi

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  • Kapiteni Euro, Intambara ya Raspberry Ice Cream
  • Ihuriro ry'ifaranga
  • Amayero ya Digital
  • Ikibazo cy’imyenda y’iburayi
  • Urutonde rw'amafaranga mu Burayi
  • Urutonde rwamafaranga yasimbuwe na euro

Inyandiko

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Reba

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Ibindi gusoma

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  • : 1461–1481. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • : 519–549. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  •  
  •  
  • Jordan, Helmuth (2010). "Fehlschlag Euro". Dorrance Publishing. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  •  

Ihuza ryo hanze

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  1. ↑ "The euro". European Commission website. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "What is the euro area?". European Commission website. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  3. ↑ "IMF Data – Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserve – At a Glance". International Monetary Fund. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  4. ↑ "Foreign exchange turnover in April 2013: preliminary global results" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  5. ↑ "Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007" (PDF). BIS. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  6. ↑ Aristovnik, Aleksander; Čeč, Tanja (30 March 2010). "Compositional Analysis of Foreign Currency Reserves in the 1999–2007 Period. The Euro vs. The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency" (PDF). Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper No. 14350. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  7. ↑ "1.2 Euro banknotes, values". European Central Bank Statistical Data Warehouse. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  8. ↑ "2.2 Euro coins, values". European Central Bank Statistical Data Warehouse. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Madrid European Council (12/95): Conclusions". European Parliament. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  10. ↑ "Initial changeover (2002)". European Central Bank. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
  11. ↑ "The Euro". European Commission. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  12. ↑ Nice, Treaty of. "Treaty of Nice". About Parliament. Not Available. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  13. ↑ "Romania wants to push euro adoption by 2026". 20 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "How to use the euro name and symbol". European Commission. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  15. ↑ European Commission. "Spelling of the words "euro" and "cent" in official Community languages as used in Community Legislative acts" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2008.
  16. ↑ European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. "English Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  17. ↑ "Ireland to round to nearest 5 cents starting October 28". 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  18. ↑ "Rounding". Central Bank of Ireland.
  19. ↑ European Commission (January 2007). "Euro cash: five and familiar". Europa. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
  20. ↑ Pop, Valentina (22 March 2010) "Commission frowns on shop signs that say: '€500 notes not accepted'", EU Observer
  21. ↑ European Commission (15 February 2003). "Commission communication: The introduction of euro banknotes and coins one year after COM(2002) 747". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 26 January 2009.
  22. ↑ "Robert Kalina, designer of the euro banknotes, at work at the Oesterreichische Nationalbank in Vienna". European Central Bank. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Banknotes" (in Icyongereza). European Central Bank. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  24. ↑ ECB (6 December 2021). "ECB to redesign euro banknotes by 2024" (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Scheller
  26. ↑ "Capital Subscription". European Central Bank. Retrieved 18 December 2011. The NCBs' shares in this capital are calculated using a key which reflects the respective country's share in the total population and gross domestic product of the EU – in equal weightings. The ECB adjusts the shares every five years and whenever a new country joins the EU. The adjustment is done on the basis of data provided by the European Commission.
  27. ↑ "Regulation (EC) No 2560/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 on cross-border payments in euro". EUR-lex – European Communities, Publications office, Official Journal L 344, 28 December 2001 P. 0013 – 0016. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  28. ↑ "Cross border payments in the EU, Euro Information, The Official Treasury Euro Resource". United Kingdom Treasury. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  29. ↑ European Central Bank. "TARGET". Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  30. ↑ "The euro, our currency | A symbol for the European currency" (PDF). European Commission. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  31. ↑ "Position of the ISO code or euro sign in amounts". Interinstitutional style guide. Bruxelles, Belgium: Europa Publications Office. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  32. ↑ European Debt Crisis Fast Facts, CNN Library (last updated 22 January 2017).
  33. ↑ Ricardo Reis, Looking for a Success in the Euro Crisis Adjustment Programs: The Case of Portugal, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Brookings Institution (Fall 2015), p. 433.
  34. ↑ "Efsf, come funziona il fondo salvastati europeo". 4 November 2011.
  35. ↑ "The politics of the Maastricht convergence criteria". Voxeu.org. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  36. ↑ "State of the Union: Can the euro zone survive its debt crisis?" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 1 March 2011. p. 4. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  37. ↑ Delamaide, Darrell (24 July 2012). "Euro crisis brings world to brink of depression". MarketWatch. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  38. ↑ Lindner, Fabian, "Germany would do well to heed the Moody's warning shot", The Guardian, 24 July 2012.
  39. ↑ Population Reference Bureau. "2013 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  40. ↑ "Sovereign Base areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus". Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce.
  41. ↑ "1 euro equivale a 24.500 dobras" [1 euro is equivalent to 24,500 dobras] (in Igiporutugali). Téla Nón. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  42. ↑ : 318–336. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ "European Central Bank, Convergence Report" (PDF). May 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2008. The euro is the single currency of the member states that have adopted it. To make this singleness apparent, Community law requires a single spelling of the word euro in the nominative singular case in all community and national legislative provisions, taking into account the existence of different alphabets.
  44. ↑ European Commission.
  45. ↑ For example, see European Commission, Directorate General for Translation: English Style Guide section 22.9 "The euro.
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