Kaminuza ya Cambridge
Kaminuza ya Cambridge ni kaminuza y’ubushakashatsi i Cambridge, mu Bwongereza . Cambridge yatangijwe mu mu mwaka 1209[1] ihabwa amasezerano ya cyami na Henry III mu 1231, Cambridge ni kaminuza ya gatatu ya kera cyane ku isi. Iyi kaminuza ya kuze mu ishyirahamwe ry’intiti zakomotse muri kaminuza ya Oxford zikurikira umwanditsi wa suspenidum (kumanika intiti) mu matiku n’abaturage bo muri ibyo bice. [2] Kaminuza ebyiri zo mu Bwongereza za kera zisangiye ibintu byinshi kandi bakunze kwita Oxbridge.
Nk’uko ikinyamakuru QS World University Rankings kibitangaza, Cambridge iri ku mwanya wa kaminuza zizwi cyane ku isi kandi kuri ubu yicaye nka kaminuza ya kabiri nziza ku isi no mu Burayi. [3] Nk’uko iyi kaminuza ibitangaza, Cambridge yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi bya Nobel kurusha ibindi bigo byose, hamwe n’abahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel 121.[4] Abanyeshuri barangije muri kaminuza ndetse n’abarimu barimo kandi bafite imidari 11 ya Fields, 7 batsindiye ibihembo bya Turing, abakuru b’ibihugu 47 na minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubwongereza 14. Muri 2016 , Abanyeshuri ba kaminuza bari batsindiye imidari 194 olempike. [5]
Amateka hindura
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 12, agace ka Cambridge kari kamaze kugira izina ry'ubumenyi na kiliziya, kubera abihayimana bo mu itorero ry'abepiskopi rya Ely ryegereye. Icyakora, byari byabereye muri Oxford bishoboka cyane ko ari byo byatumye hashyirwaho iyi kaminuza: intiti eshatu za Oxford zamanitswe n’ubuyobozi bw’umujyi kubera urupfu rw’umugore, batabajije abayobozi ba kiliziya, ubusanzwe bari gufata umwanya wa mbere ( kandi ubabarire intiti) mu bihe nk'ibi, ariko icyo gihe zari zishyamiranye n'Umwami Yohani. Kubera gutinya ihohoterwa ryinshi ry’abaturage bo mu mijyi, intiti zo muri kaminuza ya Oxford zatangiye kwimukira mu mijyi nka Paris, Gusoma, na Cambridge . Nyuma yaho, intiti zihagije zagumye i Cambridge kugira ngo zibe urufatiro rwa kaminuza nshya igihe zari zimaze kuba umutekano uhagije kugira ngo amasomo asubire muri Oxford. [6] [7][8] Kugirango dusabe icyambere, birasanzwe ko Cambridge ikurikirana ishingwa ryayo mu masezerano 1231 yatanzwe na Henry III kuyiha uburenganzira bwo guhana abanyamuryango bayo ( ius non-trahi extra ) no gusonerwa imisoro imwe n'imwe; Oxford ntabwo yahawe uburenganzira nk'ubwo kugeza mu 1248. [9]
Bull mu 1233 cya Papa Geregori IX cyahaye abarangije muri Cambridge uburenganzira bwo kwigisha "ahantu hose mu madini yiyita aya gikristo ". [10] Nyuma yuko Cambridge avuzwe ko ari rusange muri sitidiyo mu ibaruwa yanditswe na Papa Nicholas wa IV mu 1290, akemeza ko ari Bull ya Papa Yohani XXII mu 1318, byabaye ibisanzwe ko abashakashatsi bo mu yandi mashuri makuru yo mu Burayi basura Cambridge kwiga cyangwa gutanga amasomo yo kwigisha.
Indanganturo hindura
- ↑ "Early records". University of Cambridge (in Icyongereza). 28 January 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ "A Brief History: Early records". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
- ↑ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ↑ "Nobel prize winners". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ↑ "All Known Cambridge Olympians".
- ↑ "Early records". University of Cambridge (in Icyongereza). 28 January 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ↑ Davies, Mark (4 November 2010). "'To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town & Gown'". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ↑ Leedham-Green, Elisabeth (1996). A Concise History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-43978-7. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ↑ "Middle Ages". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom