Ubuhinzi bw'urusenda

Urusenda

IRIBURIRO

Urusenda

Urusenda

Urusenda ni kimwe mu mboga z’ingenzi zihingwa mu Rwanda. Urusenda rwera neza ahantu hashyuha kandi rufata igihe kirekire mu mikurire yarwo. Urusenda rukunda ikirere gishyuha cyane kurusha inyanya kandi rukazirana n’urubura. Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya doger 5 na 15 butuma urusenda rudakura neza. Igipimo cy’ubushyuhe bugera kuri dogere 24 ni cyo cyiza ku moko menshi y’urusenda rw’ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi.  Nyamara n’ubwo igihingwa cy’urusenga gisaba ubushyuhe, iyo buri hejuru cyane na byo birugiraho ingaruka mbi. Ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 32 by’umwihariko igihe ubushyuhe burimo imiyaga butuma indabo zihina zigahunguka n’imbuto zikaba nkeya. Iyo igipimo cy’ubushyuhe kirenze dogere 35 cyane cyane iyo bihuriranye n’umuyaga wo mu zuba imbuto z’urusenda zihindura isura kandi zikababurwa n’izuba.

Kimwe n’andi moko menshi y’ibihingwa, urusenga rushobora guhingwa mu butaka butandukanye ariko cyane cyane rukera neza mu butaka buvanze bw’urusenyi n’inombe. Urusenda rusaba ubutaka bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya  5.5 na  7.0. Ubutaka buhingwamo urusenda bugomba kuba bufite imiyoboro y’amazi meza

kandi bubasha kuyabika. Bugomba kandi kuba buhitisha neza amazi kandi bwifitemo n’ubushobozi bwo kugumana amazi akenewe. Ubwo butaka bugomba kuba burimo ifumbire ihagije kandi ari isi ndende, bufite ubujyakuzimu buri hejuru  ya cm 40.

urusenda

AMOKO Y’URUSENDA

Urusenda rukaze rwiganje henshi ku isi mu bucuruzi bw’indyoshyandyo naho urusenda rudakaze ruzwi nka Puwavuro rwakwiriye hose nk’igihingwa cyo mu bwoko bw’imboga kandi cyinjiza amafaranga ku bahinzi baciriritse mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere n’u Rwanda rurimo.Amoko 5 y’urusenda yo mu bwoko bw’urusenda rukaze ni aya akurikiraKamurari- C. frutescens chinense- Pilipili ,baccatum- Urusenda rurerure pubescens annuum(rumwe rurakara urundi ntirukara) ni yo moko ahingwa cyane muri rusange.

Gutegura Ubutaka

kwiniza urusenda

Kwinaza ingemwe

• Guhitamo umurima no kuwutegura
• Umurima mwiza wo guhumbikamo urusenga ni uwitegeye izuba kandi ukaba utarahinzwemo ibihingwa byo mu bwoko bumwe n’urusenda mu bihembwe by’ihingwa 3-4 byahise. Ubuhumbikiro bugomba kuba bugerwaho n’kayaga, buhitisha amazi amazi kandi bufite ubusharire bui mu rugero. Bugomba guhingwa mu bujyakuzimu bwa cm 20-30 bagakuramo amabuye, ibyatsi bibi n’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa.
• Ubuhumbikiro kand bugomba kuba butarangwamo n’uburwayi n’ibyonnyi. Bugomba kuba bwarashyizwemo ifumbire nziza y’imborera (kg 5/m2) ndetse n’ifumbire mvaruganda nka NPK 17-17-17 (g 20 /m2).
• Hakorwa ubuhumbikiro bwigiye hejuru kuri m 1-1,2 m z’ubugari na cm 20 z’ubujyakuzimu.

• Guhumbika no kwita ku buhumbikiro

• Igipimo cy’umurama ukenewe ni kg 0.5-1 kuri hegitari imwe (1ha) cyangwa  (g 5-10 kuri are imwe (m 10x m10). Ni byiza kandi ko hakoreshwa umurama utarasaza kandi uturutse ahantu hizewe nko mu bigo bitunganya cyangwa bicuruza imirama.

• 

  uko urusenda rushibuka

  Ku munsi wo guhumbika, ubutaka buhumbikwamo buraringanizwa maze bagahumbika ku mirongo baciye bakoresheje agate ku bujyakuzibu bwa cm 0.5. Umurama uterwa mu mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm 10-15 x cm 2, bamara gutera umurama bakawutwikiriza agataka gake. Nyuma y’ibyo, ubuhumbikiro babutwikiriza isaso y’ibyatsi byumye ubundi bakajya bavomerera ku buryo buhoraho.
• Iyo imbuto zitangiye kumera (nka nyuma y’icyumweru kimwe), isaso ikurwaho, imimero ikarindwa izuba.
• Iyo ingemwe zameze ari nyinshi mu buhumbikiro, ni byiza ko zicirwa kugira ngo urumuri rushobore kwinjiramo.
• Iyo bibaye ngombwa, bashobora gukoresha imiti yica udukoko nka Mancozeb (g 2.5/Litiro y’amazi) na Lambda-Cyhalothrin (ml 1/L y’amazi).
• Kugira ngo ingemwe zikomere neza, ni ngombwa kugabanya inshuro zo kuvomerera bityo ingemwe zikamenyera guhangana n’izuba buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy’icyumweru 1 cyangwa 2 mbere yo kugemura.

Icyitonderwa: Umurama ushobora kubibwa mu bihoho byabugenewe bya cm 7.5 z’umurambararo bikoze mu makoma y’insina cyangwa pulasitikie.Ibyo bihoho buzuzamo itaka rivanze n’ifumbire y’imborera nziza ku rugero rwa 2:1. Imbuto ebyiri ebyiri ziterwa muri buri gihohoi mu bujyakuzimu bwa cm 0.5-1c. Iyo ingemwe zimaze kuzana amababi 2-3, urugemwe rumwe rwiza ni rwo rusigara mu gihoho urundi bakarurandura. Ni byiza na none guhumbika mu bikoresho byabugenewe (trays).

umurima w'urusenda

Guhitamo umurima wo guteramo no kuwutegura

Umurima mwiza wo guteramo urusenda ni umurima utarahinzwemo inyanya, intoryi, ibirayi, ibinyomoro n’itabi cyangwa ibindi bihingwa bwo mu bwoko bumwe mu bihembwe by’ihinga  3-4 byashize.Ubutaka buhingwa bageza isuka hasi, bagakuramo ibikuri n’ibindi bisigazwa by’ibihingwa ubundi ubutaka bukaringanizwa neza. Ni byiza gutera ingemwe z’urusenda  mu mitabo ifite m1-1,20 z’ubugari n’uburebure bugereranyije no gusigaza inzira yo kunyuramo ya cm 40 z’ubugari.

Gutera imbuto

Ubusanzwe ingemwe z’urusenga zigemurwa nyuma y’iminsi 50-60 zihumbitswe. Ingemwe zifite ubuzima bwiza, zifite uruti rubyibushye n’amababi 4-5 mazima ni zo nziza zo kugemurwa.  Igihe cyiza cyo kugemura ingemwe ni amasaha yo mu gitondo cya kare cyangwa bugorobye kugira ngo ingemwe zikiri nto zitangirika kubera imirasire y’izuba. Mbere yo guterwa, ingemwe bazivomereza amazi ahagije kugira ngo imizi itangirika mu gihe cyo kuzigemeka. Ingemwe ziranduranwa n’akabumbe b’ubutaka gakikije imizi.

Mu kugemeka ni ngombwa ko hacukurwa imyobo yo guteramo ya cm 15 z’ubujyakuzimu. Hakurikiraho gushyira mu myobo ifumbire y’imborera yaboze yuzuye ikiganza neza igashyirwa muri buri mwobo ikavangwa neza n’ubutaka. Ifumbire ikenerwa ingana na kg 200-250/are ni ukuvuga Toni 20-25/ha. Intera isigara hagati y’ingemwe igombye kuba cm 45 na cm 60 hagati y’imirongo.

kwita k'urusenda

Kwita ku gihingwa

Ifumbire n’inyongeramusaruro

Mu buhinzi bw’urusenda rukaze, kumenya inyongeramusaruro ya nyayo ni cyo kintu kimwe cy’ingenzi gituma umusaruro uba mwiza. Uburyo bwiza bwakoreshwa mu kwita ku gihingwa buterwa n’impamvu nyinshi zitandukanye nyamara zimwe na zimwe zishobora kuba nziza kurusha izindi.

Ingengabihe: ingano y’inyongeramusaruro ikenerwa kuri hegitari n’igihe ikoreshwa

	Imborera	Inyongeramusaruro  (N:P:K), kg/ha	Inyongeramusaruro (kg/ha)
			NPK (17-17-17)	KCl (0-0-60)	Ure (46-0-0)
	20-25	130:80:110	470	50	130
Ingengabihe	Mu gihe cy’itera	-	Icyumweru kimwe nyuma yo gutera		Iminsi 30 nyuma yo gukoresha NPK 17-17-17

Kugira ngo igihingwa kitabweho uko bikwiye, inyongeramusaruro zishyirwamo ku rugero rwa kg 470.5 /ha za NPK (17-17-17), kg 130 /ha za  Ire na kg 50 za KCl.  Zose hamwe NPK 17-17-17na KCl zagombye gushyirwamo nyuma y’icyumweru kimwe ingemwe zitewe. Naho Ire yagombye gushyirwamo nyuma y’iminsi 30 hashyizwemo inyongeramusaruro ku nshuro ya mbere.

Kubagara no gusasira

Kubagara urusenga bigomba gukorwa mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo umurima utazamo ibyatsi bibi bityo igihingwa ntigicuranwe n’ibyo byatsi bibi ibigitunga, urumuri n’amazi. Gusasira urusenga ni ngombwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya isuri, gufasha  ubutaka kugira igipimo kidahinduka cy’ubushyuhe no kugumana ubuhehere mu butaka. Gusukira urusenda byagombye gukorwa nyuma y’ibyumweru 2-3 nyuma yo kugemura. Gusukira binafasha mu gukuramo ibyatsi bibi.

Kuhira

Ni ngombwa cyane kuhira imizi y’urusenda. Kuhira ukarenza urugero cyangwa kuhiriza utuzi duke cyane byombi bishobora kwangiza urusenda. Ni yo mpamvu ari ngombwa cyane ko kuvomerera bikorwa mu bihe byabugenewe. Kuvomerera kenshi n’amazi atari menshi bikenewe mu butaka bw’urusenyi. Naho kuvomerera n’amazi menshi mu bihe bitandukanyijwe n’intera nini bikenerwa mu butaka burimo ibumba.

Mu gihe hategurwa gahunda yo kuvomerera ni ngombwa kumenya uko imizi ingana bikagenderwaho.  Muri rusange ingano y’imizi igereranywa n’imikurire y’igihingwa kigaragara hejuru. Imizi yinjira mu butaka ku rugero rumwe igihingwa gikura kijya ejuru.

Hagendewe ku mpamvu zo kuvomerera, imikurire y’urusenda igabanyije mu byiciro bine:

• Icyiciro cya 1: Gufata kw’ingemwe: Iki cyiciro gishobora kugeza ku byumweru bibiri. Ingemwe iyo zimaze gufata ni bwo igihingwa gitangira gukura bigaragara. Muri iki gihe, bavomerera bakoresheje amazi make. Nyuma yo gufata kugeza  mbere gato y’uko uruyange rwa mbere ruzaho, ni ngombwa ko amazi yo kuvomerera agabanywa buhoro buhoro. Ibi bituma imizi icengera cyane mu butaka ishakisha ubuhehere. Ibi bifasha igihingwa guhangana n’ibihe bibi mu gihe imbuto zitangiye kwirema bifashijwe n’ukwiyongera kw’imizi.
• Icyiciro cya 2: Imikurire y’igihingwa, kuzana uruyange n’imbuto: Ni ngombwa gukuba kabiri ingano y’amazi yakoreshwaga mu kuvomerera ugereranyije no mu cyiciro cya mbere
• Icyiciro cya 3: Kwirema kw’imbuto: Gukura biba bigeze ku ndunduro. Kuvomerera kuri iki cyiciro  ni ngombwa cyane kuko ni cyo cyiciro cya nyuma mu buzima bwose igihingwa kizamara.
• Icyiciro cya 4: Kwera no gusarura: Igihingwa kiba kiremerewe n’imbuto. Kuvomerera bigomba kugabanuka.

Indwara n'uburyo bwo kurwanya Udukoko

Kirabiranya (Ralstonia solanacearum)

Ubu burwayi bushobora gufata ibihingwa bimwe na bimwe mu murima cyangwa bigafata agatsiko k’ibihingwa mu murima

Ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara ni ukuraba kw’igihingwa cyose kandi nta babi ryahindutse umuhondo. Udukoko dutera iyi ndwara dushobora kwihisha ahantu henshi kandi tubasha kuba mu butaka mu gihe kirekire cyane.

Ubu burwayi butizwa umurindi n’ubukonje ndetse n’ ubushyuhe. Urusenda ariko ntiruhangarwa n’indwara cyane nk’intoryi, ibirayi, itabi cyangwa inyanya. Guhinduranya imyaka si cyo gisubizo kuko udukoko tuyitera dushobora kwibera mu butaka mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi kandi dufata amoko menshi y’ibihingwa n’ibyatsi byo mu muryango umwe n’urusenda.

Ifoto: Ibimenyetso bya kirabiranya ku rusenda.

Kuyirwanya:

• Guhinga ubwoko bushobora guhangana n’indwara niba buboneka
• Kudahinga urusenda ahantu kirabiranya yayogoje
• Kurandura ingemwe zarabye mu murima kugira ngo hagabanuke kwanduzanya kw’igihingwa n’ikindi;
• Kurwanya iminyorogoto ijya mu mizi kuko yanduza kandi igakwirakwiza indwara ya kirabiranya
• Gufumbira ubutaka n’ifumbire y’imborera bishobora gukuraho ibisigisigi bya kirabiranya mu butaka
• Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima bifite akamaro gake kuko iyi ndwara yihisha henshi, ariko na byo byaba byiza hahinzwe ibihingwa bw’ubundi bwoko butandukanye n’urusenda.

Fizariyoze (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici)

Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya Fizariyoze y’urusenda birimo gucurama no guhinduka umuhondo ku mababi yo hasi, bigakurikirwa no kuraba kw’igihingwa cyose. Amababi y’urusenda rwafashwe aguma ku giti maze ibice by’igihingwa bigahindura ibara, cyane cyane igice cyo hasi cy’igihimba n’imizi.

Imiyege itera iyi ndwara iba mu butaka ubuziraherezo kandi ikwirakwizwa n’amazi avomerera. Ikunda kugaragara igihe habaye impinduka y’igipimo cy’ubushyuhe n’ubuhehere bw’ubutaka. Iyi ndwara ikura cyane ku gipimo cya dogere 24 kugeza kuri 27.Ubutaka buhehereye butuma iyi ndwara yororoka cyane. Iyi ndwara ntiboneka mu butaka bwumagaye ariko ikabya cyane mu butaka budahitisha neza amazi.

Kuyirwanya:

• Guhinga ubwoko buhangara n’indwara niba buboneka
• Gushyira ishwagara mu butaka no kwizera neza ko amazi ahita neza mu butaka.

Indwara y’imvura (Leveillula taurica)

Ibibara bijya kuba umuhondo bifata igice cyo hejuru ku buso bw’amababi. Ubuso bw’amababi butwikirwa n’ibintu bias n’ifu y’umweru cyangwa ibara ry’ivu. Indwara ikomeza kwiyongera ihereye ku mababi makuru ijyana ku mababi akiri mato maze amababi yose agashiraho. Ihunguka ry’amababi rijyana ku igabanuka ry’ingano ndetse n’umubare w’imbuto. Bituma imbuto zisa n’izokejwe n’izuba. Iyi ndwara itizwa umurindi n’ubushyuhe, ubuhehere n’igihe cy’izuba. Mikorobi zitera iyi ndwara zishobora no gufata intoryi n’inyanya. Kuvomerera baturutse hejuru bigabanya ubukana bw’iyi ndwara.

Kuyirwanya:

• Guhinga ubwoko buhangara n’indwara niba buboneka

Gutera imiti ikoze muri Sirifire nka Copperoxychloride mu gihe ibimenyetso by’indwara bigitangira kugaragara

• Kurandura no gutwika ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa nyuma y’isarura.

Indwara ziterwa na vurusi

Byaragaragaye ko hari indwara zigera kuri 17 ziterwa na virusi zifata urusenda.

Inyinshi muri izi ndwara zikwirakwizwa n’udukoko cyangwa  umurama urwaye inshuro nkeya bigaterwa n’uburyo bahinga. Ibimenyetso rusange bikubiyemo ibibara byishushanyije ku mababi, guhinduka umuhondo, ibibara bikoze uruziga, guta isura kw’amababi akaba mabi, kwihinahina kw’amababi no kugwingira kw’ibihingwa. Ubu burwayi bushobora gutuma imbuto zinanuka, zisa nabi cyangwa zigira ibibara bishushanyijeho mu ishusho y’uruziga.

Ifoto.Ibimenyetso by’indwara ziterwa na virusi ku rusenda

Uburyo bukoreshwa kenshi mu kugabanya indwara ziterwa na virusi harimo:

• Guhinga ubwoko buhangara n’indwara niba buboneka
• Guhitamo amatariki meza yo gutera kugira ngo hirindwe ikwirakwira ry’indwara
• Kwegeranya ibihingwa kugira ngo ibyanduye nibivamo hagire ibisigara
• Gukora uruzitiro rw’ibihingwa kugira ngo ikwirakwira ry’indwara rigabanuke

• Gutera imiti y’amavuta mu kugabanya ikwirakiwizwa rya virusi ziterwa n’inda z’ibihingwa
• Gukoresha isaso yirukana inda z’urusenda n’uduhunduguru.
• Gukoresha umurama wizewe ko ari muzima.

Uduhunduguru twangiza urusenda(Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips tabaci)

Muru rusange, uduhunduguru dutungwa n’igice cyo hejuru y’ubutaka cy’igihingwa, cyane cyane igice cyo hasi cy’amababi akiri mato, indabo n’imbuto. Kenshi zihisha munsi. Amababi arononekara bitewe n’uko udukoko tuyatobora tukanyunyuza amatembabuzi. Iyo indwara igitangira amababi y’urusenda agira igice gisa n’ivu akagira utubara duto duto twijimye twanduza igice cyo hasi. Uko indwara ikura ni ko amababi yihinahinira mu ruhande rwo hejuru nyuma akuma. Ibi bituma imbuto z’ urusenda zangirika. Kwangirika gukomeye gutuma amababi, imimero n’imbuto bihinduka bigsa n’ibyababuwe n’izuba.

Uduhunduguru dushobora gutuma ingemwe zikiri nto ziraba, amababi atinda gukura kandi akaba mabi bityo ibihingwa bikagwingira. Iyo uduhunduguru twangije imbuto zihindura isura zikazana ibirongo by’amabara bizitera ubusembwa butuma zitagurwa ku isoko cyane cyane iyo ari imbuto zigomba kugurishwa ku masoko yo hanze. Iyo uduhunduguru dufashe ingemwe zikiri nto zimaze igihe gito zitewe bituma zitinda gukura. Uduhunduguru dukwirakwiza indwara iterwa na virusi y’ibibara by’inyanya ku rusenda. Ubwoko bw’uduhunduguru twitwa S. dorsalis dukwirakwiza indwara yo kwihinahina kw’amababi y’urusenda

Kuturwanya:

• Udukoko tuzirana n’Uduhunduguru ni ngombwa ko dukoreshwa mu kuturwanya. Utw’ingenzi ni nk’ubwoko bw’utuvumvuri tw’umukara,  imiswa ihiga n’ibitagangurirwa
• Uburyo busanzwe bwo kwita ku bihingwa ngo kuvomerera ku gihe no kubagara na byo bishobora kugabanya ubwandu ku rugero runaka. Igihe ubuhunduguru bwabaye bwinshi ni ngombwa gutera imiti yica udukoko nka  cypermethrin (ml 1/L 1 y’amazi) mu ntera ingana n’iminsi 15.

Inda zangiza urusenda

Inda zinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu gihingwa; muri rusange zikunda gufata igihingwa mu gihe cy’izuba no mu cyiciro cya nyuma cy’imikurire y’igihingwa. Ubwiza bw’umusaruro burangirika kubera ibibara by’umukara bifata imbuto z’urusenda. Inda zakora nka virusi.

Kuzirwanya:

Inda zangiza urusenda bazirwanya batera umuti wica udukoko nka cypermethrin (ml 1/L 1 y’amazi) mu gihe cy’intera y’iminsi 15.

Isazi zera (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Isazi zera zangiza urusenda mu buryo butatu. Isazi zera zikiri ntoya n’izikuze zinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu mababi. Zitungwa na yo hakiyongeraho kunyunyuza ibyagatunze igihingwa, kandi zigatera ibibara ku mababi yanduye. Izikiri ibyana  zisiga ku ababi umushongi umatira nk’isukari kenshi na kenshi bikwirakwira ku mababi mu gihe indwara ikabije. Uwo mushongi umatira utera ibindi by’umukara bisa nabi bigatuma amababi yoseahinduka umukara bigakumira kwinjira k’urumuri mu gihingwa. Isazi zera nazo zikurura  indwara ziterwa na virus.

Kuyirwanya:

• Mu duce isazi zera zateye indwara zituruka kuri virusi ni ngombwa kurinda ingemwe z’urusenda zitwikirizwa akayunguruzo kabugenewe kugeza igihe cyo kugemurwa. Ni ngombwa kwizera neza ko ako kayunguruzo gafunze neza.
• Kubungabunga udukoko tuzirana n’isazi zera: amavubi, imiswa ihiga, ibinyugunyugu ni abanzi bakomeye b’isazi zera.
• Aho bibaye ngombwa, batera umuti wa Neem (Soma Nimu). Umuti wa Neem urinda ibyana by’isazi zera gukura, birinda isazi zera nkuru kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bw’isazi zera  bwo gutera andi magi.

Kubora kw’imitwe y’urusenda (Physiological disorder)

Igice cy’impera y’umutwe w’urusenda kireruruka kikenda kugira ibara ry’ikigina kandi kigasa n’igicukuye umwobo. Iyo urubuto rumaze gukura neza, ibyo bimenyetso birusahho kugaragara maze ibara ry’ahaboze rikijima rijya  kuba umukara.

Kuyirwanya:

• Gufumbira ubutaka bongeramo ishwagara, dolomite, gypsum cyangwa ifumbire ikomoka ku matungo mbere yo guhumbika.
• Kuhira kenshi: urusenda rukomeza kurabya no kwera  mu gihe kirekire. Ni ngombwa rero ko ubutaka bwegereye imizi buhora bwuhirwa kugira ngo bukomeze guhehera.

• Irinde inyongeramusaruro zikungahaye cyane kuri Azote. Azote ituma amababi akura cyane ariko imbuto ntizize. Ni ngombwa kongeramo kalisiyumu  ahubwo.

Umusaruro wa toni 30 kugeza kuri 70 kuri hegitari ni wo ufatwa nk’umusaruro mwiza. Muri rusange, urusenda rusarurwa rumaze kwera neza ariko rugifite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi. Bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’umuguzi w’urusenda bashobora kurusarura rumaze guhinduka umuhondo cyangwa umutuku. Mu gihe cy’isarura, gutoranya no gupakira urusenda bigomba gukorwa mu bwitonzi kuko urusenda rwangirika ku buryo bworoshye bityo kururinda kwangirika bituma rutabora.Urusenda rusarurirwa mu makarito yabugenewe ariko ibirango bya ba nyirabyo cyangwa mu bitebo bikoze muri pulasitiki.

Gushyira urusenda mu byiciro

Gushyira urusenda mu byiciro hakurikijwe  ibi bikurikira:

1. Ibara ry’urusenda
2. Ingano yarwo
3. Icyiciro rugezeho rwera

• Gupakira urusenda rutandukanye hakurikijwe ibyiciro rurimo mbere yo kurugeza ku isoko;

Urusenda rupfa ubusa bitewe n’umuhinzi rugera kuri 5-8%.Iyo rutashyizwe mu byiciro neza bikiri ku ruhande rw’umuhinzi urundi rungana na  4-5% rushobora kononekara.

Gupakira

Urusenda rushobora gupakirwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye: nk’impapuro zikoze muri pulasitiki, ibikapu bikoze muri pulasitiki cyangwa mu bikarito bikoze mu mpapuro.

Kubika urusenda

• Urusenda rushobora kubikwa ahantu hafutse, hijimye, humutse mu gihe cy’umwaka wose. Igipimo cy’ubushyuhe cy’aho urusenda rubitse kigira ingaruka mu ku ibara ry’urusenda kurusha uko rwahinduka bitewe n’urumuri, umwuka, ubwoko bw’igikoresho rubitsemo cyangwa kuba rubitse rukiri rwose cyangwa rukasemo uduce.

Gutwara urusenda

Muri rusange abahinzi bageza urusenda ku isoko rya hafi barutwaye  mu ngorofani zikururwa n’ibimasa cyangwa imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi.

• Kuva ku masoko rujyanwa hirya hino hakoreshwa imidoka zisanzwe cyangwa izagenewe gutwara imitwaro.

Iyo urusenda rupakiwe neza mu bikoresho byabugenewe, rukitabwaho neza igihe rupakirwa cyangwa rupakururwa mu modoka, kandi bigakorwa vuba  bituma hatononekara rwinshi

Gutunganya urusenda

Urusenda rushobora kuribwa rukiri rubisi cyangwa rwumye kandi rushobora gukorwamo ibiribwa bitandukanye nk’amasosi, ifu y’urusenda, shokola,